Question 1

Consider the issue in psychology of free will versus determinism as discussed in your textbook. Which approach to personality represents an extreme position on this issue?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider the issue in psychology of free...

Question 2

If you meet someone new at a party that cannot understand what you mean by "self-esteem" it is that likely your new friend comes from

Accepted Answer

In collectivist cultures, the focus is on the group and the individual's role within it. Self-esteem is not as emphasized as in individualistic cultures, where personal achievements and success are valued. Therefore, it is possible that someone from a collectivist culture may not understand the concept of self-esteem in the same way as someone from an individualistic culture.

Question 3

A woman feels she is successful when she contributes to a group effort that succeeds. She prefers to not draw attention to herself and cooperation over competition. The woman is probably from a(n)

Accepted Answer

The woman's preference for contributing to a group effort and prioritizing cooperation over competition suggests that she comes from a collectivist culture, which values group harmony and interdependence over individual achievement. This is in contrast to individualistic cultures, which place a greater emphasis on personal success and individual autonomy.

Question 4

Of the following approaches,which ignores inherited influences the most?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach is focused on the individual's internal cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and reasoning. It tends to ignore inherited influences such as genetics or biological factors.

Question 5

Which of these is not a characteristic of an individual in a collectivist culture?

Accepted Answer

Success identified with personal achievement is a characteristic of an individualistic culture, where individuals are encouraged to pursue their goals and stand out from the crowd. In collectivist cultures, success is often tied to the accomplishments of the group and the well-being of the community. Cooperation and dependency are common traits of individuals in collectivist cultures.

Question 6

Which of the following is correct about the relation between personality and culture?

Accepted Answer

Personality is influenced by the cultural context in which it develops. Culture shapes the way individuals perceive themselves and their surroundings, and this, in turn, affects their personality traits and behaviors. Therefore, personality cannot be separated from cultural influences, and any understanding of personality must take into account the cultural context in which it exists. Option A is incorrect since personality psychologists do study cultural differences in personality. Option B is incorrect as there are significant cross-cultural differences in personality traits, such as individualism versus collectivism. Option D is also incorrect since individual differences in personality can be found in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures.

Question 7

According to the textbook,the most obvious example of applying personality to personal and social issues is

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the textbook,the most obvious example...

Question 8

Suppose you meet a new person on campus from a culture different from your own. You soon discover that your new friend has difficulty understanding what you mean by "self-esteem." You conclude that your friend probably comes from

Accepted Answer

In collectivist cultures, the emphasis is on the group and the individual's sense of self is closely tied to the group. Therefore, the concept of self-esteem may not be as relevant or well understood as it is in individualistic cultures.

Question 9

Early psychologists presented extreme positions on the conscious versus unconscious determinants issue. Which of the following modern psychologists now recognize that much information is processed below awareness?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive psychologists recognize that much information is processed below awareness through processes such as perception, attention, and memory. They also acknowledge the role of unconscious processes in decision making, problem-solving, and behavior.

Question 10

In contrast to the other approaches,in what way are the behavioral/social learning approach and the psychoanalytic approach to personality similar?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In contrast to the other approaches,in what...

Question 11

A psychologist argues that people are often not aware of why they act the way they do.Further,although he acknowledges that genetics may play a role in determining personality,our behavior is determined by the environment more than we recognize.This psychologist probably aligns himself with which approach to personality?

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on the role of the environment in determining behavior aligns with the behavioral/social learning approach to personality. This approach also suggests that people may not be fully aware of the stimuli that provoke their behavior. The other approaches (psychoanalytic, trait, and humanistic) do not give as much weight to environmental factors.

Question 12

Behavioral psychologists try to apply personality research to practical concerns by

Accepted Answer

Behavioral psychologists focus on how environment and reinforcement can shape behavior. Thus, they often apply personality research to practical concerns by designing environments that encourage desired behaviors. Option A is incorrect because controlling the way people process information falls more under cognitive psychology. Option B is incorrect because identifying characteristics is only one aspect of personality research, and it may not necessarily be applied to practical concerns. Option D is incorrect because facilitating self-concept development is more related to humanistic or social psychology.

Question 13

Most of the research on personality reported in the textbook is based on studies with people

Accepted Answer

Most of the research on personality reported in the textbook is based on studies with people from individualistic cultures, such as the United States and Western Europe, where people prioritize personal goals and independence. Studies with people from collectivist cultures, where people prioritize group goals and interdependence, are less common in this research.

Question 14

Which of the four components necessary for the study of personality is characterized by inventories,direct observations,and tests?

Accepted Answer

Assessment is the component that involves the use of inventories, direct observations, and tests to measure various aspects of personality. Research involves conducting studies and analyzing data, theory involves developing explanations and frameworks for understanding personality, and application involves using knowledge about personality to address practical issues or problems.

Question 15

The four components necessary for a complete understanding of personality include each of the following except

Accepted Answer

The four components necessary for a complete understanding of personality are application, assessment, research, and philosophy. Philosophy is not traditionally seen as a necessary component for understanding personality, although it can provide valuable insights.

Question 16

Which of the following approaches to personality explains depression by how situations are interpreted through the most highly accessible thoughts?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach to personality emphasizes that depression is caused by negative thoughts, and that depression can be treated by identifying and changing those thoughts. This approach focuses on how situations are interpreted through the most highly accessible thoughts, leading to negative self-beliefs and perceptions of hopeless, helpless, and worthless thinking.

Question 17

For people who are depressed,a psychologist following the behavioral/social learning approach to personality would probably examine

Accepted Answer

The behavioral/social learning approach focuses on how the environment and social factors influence behavior and personality development. Therefore, a psychologist following this approach would likely examine the environment surrounding the depressed person and how it may be contributing to their depression. This could include factors such as social support, life stressors, and learned behaviors or thought patterns. While factors such as genetics and self-beliefs may also play a role, they are not central to this approach.

Question 18

Asking people to respond to ambiguous stimuli is an example of personality

Accepted Answer

Asking people to respond to ambiguous stimuli is an example of personality assessment, as it is a method used to measure various aspects of an individual's personality, such as traits, behaviors, and motivations. It is commonly used in psychology and other fields to evaluate individuals and make predictions about their behavior in certain situations.

Question 19

The component necessary for the study of personality known as assessment is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Assessment involves the use of inventories, tests, and direct observations to gather information about an individual's personality. This information is then analyzed and interpreted to understand the individual's unique traits, tendencies, and behaviors. The other choices listed (A, B, and C) are general topics within the study of personality but are not specific to the component of assessment.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about personality assessment?

Accepted Answer

Different approaches to personality may prioritize different aspects of personality and therefore use different methods to assess them. For example, trait theorists may use questionnaires to assess specific traits, while humanistic psychologists may rely on interviews and observations of behavior in natural settings. Therefore, the methods used for personality assessment may vary depending on the theoretical framework being used by the psychologist. Option A is not entirely true as personality assessment methods also include methods that do not require self-reports, such as behavioral observations and analysis of objective data. Option C is not entirely true as self-report inventories are not exclusive to psychoanalytic psychology. Option D is not entirely true as inkblot tests are still used by some psychologists in personality assessment.

Quiz 1: What Is Personality?