Question 1

This notion posits that human beings are willing to surrender some of their freedoms to be protected from those whose unfettered exercise of freedom harms others.?

Accepted Answer

This notion is known as social contract theory, which suggests that individuals agree to give up some of their personal freedoms in exchange for protection and security provided by the government.

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of Beccaria's three components of effective punishment?

Accepted Answer

Beccaria's three components of effective punishment are swiftness, severity, and certainty. Public scrutiny is not included in his principles.

Question 3

This theory assumes that offenders conduct cost-benefit analyses before conducting criminal behaviour.?

Accepted Answer

The theory that assumes that offenders conduct cost-benefit analyses before conducting criminal behaviour is Rational Choice Theory. This theory suggests that individuals weigh the potential benefits and costs of committing a crime, including the likelihood of punishment, and make a rational decision based on that analysis.

Question 4

This theory credits the propensity to commit crime to intimate peer groups which encourage favourable definitions to crime.?

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior through their social interactions and intimate peer groups. These groups may encourage favorable attitudes towards crime and influence an individual's decision to engage in criminal behavior.

Question 5

According to Merton (1938), which of the five adaptations of strain describe individuals who accept both the institutionally approved goals and means?

Accepted Answer

Conformists accept both the institutionally approved goals and means, and therefore do not experience strain.

Question 6

According to Merton (1938), which of the five adaptations of strain describe individuals who reject the culturally approved goals while accepting socially approved means to do so?

Accepted Answer

Ritualists reject the culturally approved goals but continue to embrace socially approved means as an end in itself. They conform to the means, but do not have aspirations for the goals. Rebels reject both the means and the goals, while innovators accept the goals but reject the means. Conformists accept both the goals and the means.

Question 7

Sykes and Matza (1957) state that delinquents will provide justification for their behaviour before engaging in criminal activity in attempts to nullify dominant social controls. What do they call this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Sykes and Matza call this phenomenon Techniques of neutralization.

Question 8

Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime states that crimes, simply put, are a product of _______________.?

Accepted Answer

Gottfredson and Hirschi argue that low levels of self-control are the main cause of criminal behavior. They suggest that individuals with low self-control are impulsive, risk-taking, short-sighted, and lack the ability to delay gratification. These traits make them more prone to engaging in criminal behavior. Low intelligence and self-esteem may be related to criminal behavior but are not the main cause according to this theory.

Question 9

Edwin Lemert (1951) described the process through which a person could be so intensely stigmatized that their future behaviour was driven toward deviance. What did he call this?

Accepted Answer

Edwin Lemert called the process in which a person could be so intensely stigmatized that their future behaviour was driven toward deviance as Secondary deviance.

Question 10

Which of the following is not an area of life which Steffensmeier and Allan (1996) state inhibit female crime while encouraging male crime?

Accepted Answer

Steffensmeier and Allan (1996) argue that gender norms, physical strength and aggression, and sexuality inhibit female crime while encouraging male crime. However, they do not state that media influences have a significant impact on the gendered patterns of crime.

Question 11

Miller (2002) views crime as a result of gendered _______________.?

Accepted Answer

Miller argues that crime is not solely a result of biology or psychology, but rather it is a result of gendered performances that are constructed and reinforced through socialization and cultural expectations. These performances shape how individuals understand and express their gender, which in turn affects their likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.

Question 12

What was the 'GamerGate' fiasco?

Accepted Answer

GamerGate was a cyberharassment campaign carried out against several women in the video game industry, including game developers and journalists. The campaign was largely driven by a group of mostly male gamers who claimed that the video game industry was becoming too "politically correct" and that the inclusion of more female and diverse characters in games was a form of "political correctness gone mad." The harassment included doxxing (revealing personal information online), threats of violence, and online abuse.

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of Robert Agnew's three sources of strain?

Accepted Answer

Robert Agnew's three sources of strain are failure to achieve positively valued stimuli, presentation of negative stimuli, and removal of positively valued stimuli. Option B, removal of negating stimuli, is not one of his sources of strain.

Question 14

According to Goldsmith and Brewer (2015), the internet is said to present an interactive environment that empowers individuals through anonymity, provides a cornucopia of relatively easy-to-access information, and acts as a 'facilitator of encounters' with individuals and opportunities conducive to criminal engagement. This context is conducive to what they call _______________.?

Accepted Answer

The concept of digital drift refers to individuals becoming involved in criminal activities through the use of the internet, which is facilitated by the interactive and anonymous nature of the online environment, as well as the easy access to information and potential criminal opportunities.

Question 15

_______________ argue that the dominant mode of production--capitalism--shapes motivations and opportunities to engage in crime as well as the processes of criminalization and crime control.?

Accepted Answer

Radical criminologists argue that the capitalist system leads to the uneven distribution of wealth, power, and opportunities, which in turn shapes motivations and opportunities to engage in crime. They criticize the criminal justice system for being a tool of the ruling class, used to maintain their power and control over the working class, and for criminalizing behaviors that threaten the capitalist system. They advocate for transformative justice approaches that address the root causes of crime and social inequality, rather than relying on punitive measures.

Question 16

According to Yar, _______________ refers to the domination of field by businesses regarding the provision of information security services and solutions.?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Yar, _______________ refers to the...

Question 17

_______________ is the idea that instead of avoiding committing a crime entirely, a criminal may change the way they engage in a crime when confronted with threat of punishment.?

Accepted Answer

Restrictive deterrence refers to the concept where individuals modify their criminal behavior in response to the perceived risks and consequences of punishment, rather than ceasing unlawful activities altogether. This involves adjusting the manner or extent of their criminal actions to minimize detection or punishment, rather than stopping the criminal behavior entirely.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT one of the methodological approaches used by criminologists to study cybercrime discussed in Chapter 2?

Accepted Answer

Autoethnography is not one of the methodological approaches used by criminologists to study cybercrime discussed in Chapter 2. The other three options, self-report surveys, interviews, and experimental/quasi-experimental designs, are all discussed as common research methods in the chapter.

Quiz 2: Researching and Theorizing Cybercrime