Question 1

According to Gainey, Payne, and O'Toole (2000), electronic monitoring demonstrates...

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

According to Differential Association Theory, there is a strong association between the aetiology of offending behaviour and

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

The tendency of towards deviancy as a function of frequency of association with others who encourage norm violation is an element of

Accepted Answer

The tendency towards deviancy as a function of frequency of association with others who encourage norm violation is a central principle of differential association theory, which posits that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others who hold deviant norms and values. Social learning theory also emphasizes the role of learning through interactions with others, but does not specifically address the impact of frequency of association on behavior. Social bond theory focuses on the importance of social bonds and attachments in preventing deviance, while differential reinforcement theory emphasizes the role of rewards and punishments in shaping behavior.

Question 4

Differential-association reinforcement theory was an attempt to combine the principles of differential association with those of

Accepted Answer

Differential-association reinforcement theory asserts that criminal behavior is reinforced by the social environment through a system of rewards and punishments. This concept is rooted in the principles of operant conditioning, which suggests that behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments. Thus, A) operant conditioning is the best choice for this question. B) Strain theory and D) social control theory are not directly related to differential-association reinforcement theory. C) Punishment theory is not a commonly recognized criminological theory.

Question 5

A major difference between developmental criminology and other approaches the use of

Accepted Answer

Developmental criminology differs from other approaches in that it takes a dynamic approach to understanding the causes of crime. This means it looks at how various factors interact and change over time to affect an individual's likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. This is in contrast to a static approach, which assumes that an individual's risk factors are fixed and unchanging, or an individual approach, which focuses solely on the characteristics of the offender without considering broader social and environmental factors. While psychological factors are certainly considered in developmental criminology, they are only one piece of a larger puzzle.

Question 6

According to the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) theory, the distribution of chronic offenders in the population at any age both is

Accepted Answer

The ICAP theory proposes that chronic offenders are a limited and highly skewed subset of the population, meaning only a small portion of the population engage in persistent criminal behavior.

Question 7

Routine activities theory posits that WHAT facilitate the convergence between the potential offender and victim

Accepted Answer

The answer of Routine activities theory posits that WHAT facilitate...

Question 8

A conception of offender as instrumental in the commission of a crime is a central element of

Accepted Answer

The idea of offenders making rational choices about committing crimes based on a cost-benefit analysis is a key component of rational choice theory. ICAP theory focuses on an individual's cognitive ability to process information, differential reinforcement theory emphasizes the role of reward and punishment in shaping behavior, and social cognitive learning theory looks at how an individual's environment and social influences contribute to their behavior.

Question 9

Adherence to an oppositional sub-cultural rule set that values law breaking, violence and rebelliousness is a basic element in

Accepted Answer

Adherence to an oppositional sub-cultural rule set that values law breaking, violence and rebelliousness is a basic element in Neutralization theory. Neutralization theory argues that delinquent behavior arises when individuals are able to neutralize conventional values and justify their actions through techniques of neutralization, such as denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties.

Question 10

The assumption that people act in ways that will bring them pleasure and avoid actions they believe will cause pain and suffering is key to

Accepted Answer

The assumption that people act in ways that will bring them pleasure and avoid actions they believe will cause pain and suffering is a fundamental premise of the general theory of crime. This theory suggests that people are inherently self-interested and seek to maximize their own pleasure while avoiding pain and discomfort, which can lead to criminal behavior if individuals see it as a means to achieve their goals. Social learning theory focuses more on how people learn from the behavior of others, attachment theory focuses on the impact of early relationships on development, and neutralization theory suggests that people use various techniques to rationalize or excuse their criminal behavior.

Question 11

The two important factors mediating the extent to which early disruption of the caregiver-child relationship influences subsequent delinquent and/or criminal behaviour are

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two important factors mediating the extent...

Question 12

Rebellon's (2002) longitudinal study noted an association between both

Accepted Answer

Rebellon's (2002) study found an association between parental divorce or separation at an early age and certain outcomes, highlighting the impact of early family structure changes on development.

Question 13

According to Ward (2000), insecure or unstable attachment relationships

Accepted Answer

Insecure or unstable attachment relationships can interfere with theory of mind competence, which is the ability to understand others' mental states and perspectives. This is because children who grow up in such relationships may not have consistent and predictable interactions with their caregivers, which can affect their ability to understand and predict others' behavior. Cognitive distortions and the development of implicit theories are not directly related to attachment relationships, and insecure attachment is not the foundation of theory of mind competence.

Question 14

The Personal, Interpersonal and Community-Reinforcement Theory posits that

Accepted Answer

Personal, Interpersonal and Community-Reinforcement Theory suggests that deviant and non-deviant behavior are under antecedent and consequent control. This means that behavior is influenced by environmental and social factors and the responses or consequences that follow. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 15

Bandura argues that behaviour is strongly regulated via

Accepted Answer

Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as expectations, beliefs, and self-efficacy, in regulating behavior.

Question 16

The term palliative comparison refers to

Accepted Answer

Palliative comparison refers to the use of more harmful extremes to make behavior appear benign. This includes comparing harmful behavior to even more harmful behavior to make it seem less problematic.

Question 17

Although research supports the efficacy of R & R programmes, the findings indicate a need to take into account an individual's _______ and _______ context.

Accepted Answer

The sentence mentions the need to consider an individual's social and economic context, indicating that these factors are important to take into account when implementing R & R programmes. While the other options mention relevant factors, they are not specifically referenced in the sentence.

Question 18

According to the needs principle, targeting one of the following would prove ineffective if not been directly linked with the risk of further offending

Accepted Answer

While addressing antisocial beliefs, substance use, and cognitive distortions may be crucial in reducing the likelihood of future offending, the needs principle dictates that interventions should directly target those factors that are identified as posing the greatest risk of reoffending. Low self-esteem, while important to address for other reasons, may not necessarily be linked to an increased risk of offending. Therefore, targeting low self-esteem alone may not be sufficient in preventing future criminal behavior.

Question 19

The responsivity principle can be regarded as

Accepted Answer

The responsivity principle is a matching principle, meaning that treatment programs should be tailored to match the learning style, abilities, and needs of individual offenders in order to effectively reduce their risk of reoffending.

Question 20

Risk management approaches with offenders differ significantly from therapy delivered to other client populations seeking help for psychological and behavioural problems. Differences include the nature of correctional treatment goals, the lack of attention to problems not causally related to the problem behaviour and

Accepted Answer

Correctional treatment often involves limited collaboration between the client and therapist, focusing more on managing risk and compliance rather than mutual goal-setting and therapeutic alliance.

Quiz 1: Foundations of Offender Rehabilitation

According to Gainey, Payne, and O'Toole (2000) , electronic monitoring demonstrates...