Question 1

The GLM places strong emphasis on the concepts of human agency due to its grounding in the ethical concept of _________

Accepted Answer

The GLM's emphasis on human agency is rooted in the ethical concept of human dignity, which emphasizes the inherent value and worth of each individual. Human dignity recognizes individuals as responsible agents, capable of making choices and pursuing their own goals, and therefore deserving of respect and autonomy. This emphasis on human agency is a key aspect of the GLM's approach to moral decision-making.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a secondary good?

Accepted Answer

Joining an adult sports team (A), completing an apprenticeship (B), and studying at university (D) are all examples of secondary goods as they provide some sort of training, education, or skillset that can be used in various aspects of life. Finding meaning and purpose in life, however, is considered a primary good as it pertains to one's overall satisfaction and wellbeing, rather than a specific skill or knowledge acquisition.

Question 3

The four types of difficulties offenders typically experience in their efforts to obtain primary goods are inappropriate strategies, lack of scope, absence of internal capabilities, and

Accepted Answer

Conflict refers to the internal or external struggles that offenders face, which can hinder their ability to obtain primary goods.

Question 4

Helping a client to identify barriers to performing a particular behaviour and planning ways to overcome these is an example of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Helping a client to identify barriers to...

Question 5

Asking a client to keep a record of specified behaviours is an example of

Accepted Answer

Asking a client to keep a record of specified behaviors is an example of self-regulation theory, which emphasizes the importance of self-monitoring and self-control of behavior. The client is being encouraged to track their own behavior and take steps to regulate it based on their own goals and values. The other theories listed (cognitive evaluation theory, organismic integration theory, self-determination theory) focus on different aspects of motivation and do not directly relate to the request to monitor behavior.

Question 6

Causality Orientations Theory is an element of

Accepted Answer

Causality Orientations Theory is a sub-theory of self-determination theory that explores how individuals perceive the causes of events in their lives and how these perceptions influence their behavior and motivation.

Question 7

According to Bandura, _________ is the foundation of human motivation and action.

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of social learning highlights that self-efficacy (one's belief in their ability to perform a desired action) is a crucial determinant of motivation and behavior. Self-control (A) is related to the ability to regulate one's own behavior, but it is not necessarily the foundation of motivation and action. Modelling (B) refers to the tendency to imitate the actions and attitudes of others, which is associated with social learning theory but is not the foundation of human motivation and action. The cognitive triad (D) is a component of cognitive theory and refers to negative views that individuals hold about themselves, the world, and the future, which can impact motivation and behavior, but again, it is not the foundation of human motivation and action.

Question 8

Modelling used by the therapist to help the individual distinguish between desired behaviours and those that are inappropriate or undesirable is

Accepted Answer

Discrimination learning involves the process of learning to respond differently to various stimuli based on their association with positive or negative outcomes. This approach can help individuals distinguish between behaviors that are desirable and those that are not, by associating certain behaviors with specific consequences.

Question 9

Which of the following is not an implications of social cognitive theory for offender rehabilitation?

Accepted Answer

Option D is not an implication of social cognitive theory for offender rehabilitation. It is a concept from self-determination theory, which is a separate theory that focuses on intrinsic motivation and personal growth. Social cognitive theory mainly focuses on the learning process and how behavior is shaped through observations, reinforcements, and self-efficacy beliefs. Options A, B, and C are all implications of social cognitive theory for offender rehabilitation.

Question 10

The test-operate-test-exit (TOTE) model conceives self-regulation as a

Accepted Answer

The TOTE model is based on cybernetic control, which involves a continuous feedback loop between goal setting, action taking, and evaluation. This makes option C, "cybernetic control process," the most fitting choice. Option A (comparator process) is also related to cybernetic control, but it is a more specific term referring to the comparison of the current state with a desired state. Option B (feedback loop disturbance process) is not a commonly used term in self-regulation literature, and option D (self-control process) is too broad and unspecific to capture the essence of the TOTE model.

Question 11

Which of the following is not emphasised in the strength-based model of self-regulation proposed by Baumeister and his colleagues

Accepted Answer

The strength-based model of self-regulation, as proposed by Baumeister and his colleagues, emphasizes self-monitoring, self-regulatory strength, and motivation but does not specifically emphasize self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is more central to Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Question 12

In addition to the stages of change, three key variables in the transtheoretical model of are

Accepted Answer

The three key variables in the transtheoretical model are processes of change (i.e. the strategies and techniques used to progress through the stages of change), decisional balance (i.e. the pros and cons of changing behavior), and self-efficacy (i.e. the belief in one's ability to successfully make the desired behavior change).

Question 13

Which of the following is not an implications of behaviour enaction models for offender rehabilitation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not an...

Question 14

According to Beck's continuity hypothesis, clinically significant difficulties are an extreme form of

Accepted Answer

Beck's continuity hypothesis proposes that clinically significant difficulties are an extreme form of normal emotional and behavioural functioning, rather than representing a fundamentally different type of psychological process. Therefore, option B is the best choice. Negativistic thoughts (option A) and dysfunctional schemas (option D) are related concepts in Beck's cognitive theory, but they do not fully capture the continuity hypothesis. Option C is simply incorrect.

Question 15

_________ provides a means to distance cognitions from behavioural responses

Accepted Answer

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) provides a means to distance cognitions from behavioral responses by teaching individuals to observe thoughts and feelings without judgment or attachment, and to focus on taking values-based actions in the present moment. This allows individuals to disengage from patterns of avoidance or reactivity that are driven by unhelpful thoughts and emotions, and instead choose to act in accordance with their values and goals. Cognitive therapy, schema therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy may also involve strategies to help individuals identify and challenge unhelpful thoughts or beliefs, but do not necessarily focus on distancing cognitions from behavioral responses in the same way as ACT.

Question 16

Which model of therapy facilitates the confronting of basic, unconscious belief structures that influence conscious thoughts, feelings and actions?

Accepted Answer

Schema therapy focuses on identifying and confronting deeply ingrained, unconscious thought patterns or "schemas" that affect an individual's emotions, behaviors, and relationships. It involves challenging and modifying these schemas to promote healthier beliefs and coping strategies.

Question 17

Case-specific information can help to identify ________ which may not be included in standardised static or dynamic risk instruments

Accepted Answer

Case-specific information can provide insight into unique risk factors that may not be captured by standardized risk instruments.

Question 18

A specific type of clinical assessment whereby the examiner attempts to identify violence risk factors through a detailed examination of the individual's history of violent and threatening behaviour is called

Accepted Answer

The anamnestic approach involves gathering a detailed history of the individual's violent and threatening behavior in order to identify risk factors and potential triggers for future violent behavior. This type of assessment is commonly used in forensic and clinical settings to inform risk management and treatment planning. The other choices (Good Lives approach, case formulation approach, RNR approach) are not specifically focused on identifying violence risk factors through a detailed examination of past behavior.

Question 19

The criteria for selecting a risk assessment tool should be based on the predictive accuracy of the instrument, its utility or capacity to provide additional information that might be beneficial in the assessment question, the extent to which it has been validated for use with the population under consideration and

Accepted Answer

The cost and ease of completing the instrument are practical considerations that can affect the feasibility and efficiency of using a risk assessment tool in various settings.

Question 20

A comprehensive risk assessment should include an examination of factors that range from _________ to ____________

Accepted Answer

Personal factors are those that relate to the individual, such as their personality, coping mechanisms, and health status. Environmental factors are those that relate to the individual's surroundings, such as their social support, work environment, and physical environment.

Quiz 1: Foundations of Offender Rehabilitation