Question 1

Which of the following is considered a contextual antecedent in assessing risk?

Accepted Answer

A contextual antecedent refers to external factors that contribute to risk and are beyond the individual's control, such as lack of positive social supports. The other options (A, B, and C) are individual characteristics or behaviors that may also contribute to risk but are not contextual antecedents.

Question 2

Which of the following is an acute dynamic risk factors?

Accepted Answer

Substance abuse is considered an acute dynamic risk factor because it can change rapidly and has a direct impact on an individual's behavior and risk of offending. Unlike static factors, dynamic factors can fluctuate over time and with intervention.

Question 3

The difficulty of predicting events increases in proportion to the degree to which the base rate differs from

Accepted Answer

The difficulty of predicting events increases in proportion to the degree to which the base rate differs from 0. This is because the base rate represents the probability of an event occurring in the absence of any other information. If the base rate is 0, then the event is impossible to predict. If the base rate is 1, then the event is certain to occur. As the base rate gets closer to 0 or 1, the difficulty of predicting the event increases.

Question 4

If the observed rate of sexual recidivism among females sexual offenders is between 1% and 3%, the prediction is that no female offender will sexually reoffend will be accurate

Accepted Answer

The prediction that no female offender will sexually reoffend will be accurate 97% to 99% of the time if the observed rate of sexual recidivism among female sexual offenders is between 1% and 3%, as this range indicates the percentage of those who might reoffend, leaving the remainder (97% to 99%) as those who would not.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a causal mechanism implicated in sexual abuse?

Accepted Answer

All of the above (developmental adversity, family context, and biological variables) have been implicated as causal mechanisms in sexual abuse.

Question 6

Static measures like the STATIC 99 provide little information about the ________ of the risk for reoffending

Accepted Answer

Static measures like the STATIC 99 are designed to assess the likelihood of reoffending over an extended period, usually 5-10 years. They do not provide information about the immediacy or timing of the risk for reoffending. Therefore, the best choice is B (immediacy).

Question 7

Acute dynamic risk factors can be defined as highly _______ conditions that last _______

Accepted Answer

Acute dynamic risk factors are defined as transient conditions that typically last hours or days. This means that the correct choice is C. Option A is incorrect because acute dynamic risk factors are often not easily changed or managed. Option B is incorrect because stable conditions could refer to chronic risk factors rather than acute ones. Option D is incorrect because enduring conditions also refer to chronic rather than acute risk factors.

Question 8

Crick and Dodge's (1996) model of the development of aggressive and antisocial behaviour in young people draws particular attention to

Accepted Answer

Crick and Dodge's model focuses on how children process social information, which influences their responses in social situations, including the development of aggressive and antisocial behavior.

Question 9

According to Howells, Daffern, and Day (2008), some of the differences between aggressive and non-aggressive individuals may be related to

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Howells, Daffern, and Day (2008),...

Question 10

Davey, Day, and Howells (2005) distinguished between two types of overcontrolled aggressive offender

Accepted Answer

Davey, Day, and Howells (2005) identified two types of overcontrolled aggressive offenders as phenomenologically overcontrolled and behaviourally overcontrolled, focusing on the internal experiences and observable behaviors, respectively.

Question 11

Which of the following has not been identified as a potential problem for interventions which target violent offenders

Accepted Answer

Biological antecedents of offending behaviour have been identified as a potential problem for interventions which target violent offenders. A focus on biological factors alone may suggest a deterministic view of criminal behavior and may lead to a lack of attention to social and contextual factors that may contribute to violent behavior.

Question 12

In addition to being conceptualised in terms of managing anger, affective dyscontrol has also describes a lack of

Accepted Answer

Affective dyscontrol is often associated with a lack of affective coping skills, which refers to difficulties in managing and responding to emotional experiences effectively.

Question 13

Bennett, Holloway, and Farrington (2008) found the drug-crime nexus was greatest for

Accepted Answer

The answer of Bennett, Holloway, and Farrington (2008) found the...

Question 14

The provision of drug treatment is complicated by a number of issues. Which of the following was not identified by Visher, La Vigne, & Travis (2004) as one?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The provision of drug treatment is complicated...

Question 15

Goldstein's (1985) tripartite explanation of drug use and crime includes three models: the psychopharmacological, economically compulsive, and the

Accepted Answer

Goldstein's tripartite explanation of drug use and crime includes the psychopharmacological model, economically compulsive model, and the systemic violence model. The systemic violence model explains the violence that arises from the drug trade itself.

Question 16

Using Gottfredson and Hirschi's (19990) general theory of crime, the common cause of drug use and crime is

Accepted Answer

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime, the common cause of drug use and crime is low self-control. Individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in impulsive and non-planned behaviors, leading them to both drug use and criminal activity. This theory proposes that self-control is developed early in childhood and is a stable trait throughout an individual's life, influencing their behavior in various domains.

Question 17

The strongest evidence for reducing drug use and crime has been associated with

Accepted Answer

The answer of The strongest evidence for reducing drug use...

Question 18

Which of the following is not a common characteristic of female offenders identified by Bloom, Owen and Covington (2005)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is not a...

Question 19

Which of the following has been identified as making a unique or disproportionate contribution to female offending?

Accepted Answer

Substance abuse as a form of self-medication has been identified as making a unique or disproportionate contribution to female offending, as women often use substances to cope with trauma or mental health issues.

Question 20

According to the childhood victimisation model of female offending,

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the childhood victimisation model of...

Quiz 1: Foundations of Offender Rehabilitation