Question 1

The __________ emphasizes that the broad function of __________ is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals.
A) ethological theory of attachment; reasoning
B) synchronist approach; language
C) goodness-of-fit model; cognition
D) functionalist approach; emotions

Accepted Answer

The functionalist approach emphasizes that emotions serve the purpose of energizing behavior aimed at attaining personal goals. The other options, such as the ethological theory of attachment, reasoning, language, and the goodness-of-fit model, do not directly address the function of energizing behavior.

Question 2

In the years since her mother's death from breast cancer, Jeannine has participated in the local 5K run for cancer. When thinking about the run, Jeannine vacillates between pride and sadness. For Jeannine, this event has become
A) personally relevant.
B) a threat to her attachment security.
C) an internal working model of anxiety and stress.
D) a secure base.

Accepted Answer

Jeannine's participation in the 5K run for cancer is personally relevant to her because it represents her mother's struggle with breast cancer and her personal connection to the cause. She vacillates between pride and sadness, which indicates her emotional investment in the event. Therefore, the best choice is A) personally relevant.

Question 3

As Toshio approaches any situation, he rapidly appraises its personal significance, which prepares him for action. What does Toshio's appraisal represent?
A) emotion
B) theory
C) attitude
D) temperament

Accepted Answer

Toshio's rapid appraisal of the situation represents his emotional response to it.

Question 4

Three-month-old Tara displays excitement when she first reaches for and grabs a rattle. This excitement shows that Tara is developing
A) fine-motor skills.
B) self-conscious emotions.
C) a sense of self-efficacy.
D) basic emotions.

Accepted Answer

A sense of self-efficacy is the belief that one can successfully complete a task. Tara's excitement shows that she believes she can successfully grab the rattle, which is a sign of developing self-efficacy.

Question 5

In a study of children reared in extremely depleted Romanian orphanages, the longer they remained in the orphanages, the
A) higher their IQ scores.
B) more resilient they became to environmental stressors.
C) higher their cortisol levels.
D) lower their cortisol levels.

Accepted Answer

The longer children remained in the Romanian orphanages, the higher their cortisol levels. This is likely due to the lack of nurturing and stimulation in the orphanages, leading to chronic stress for the children.

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true regarding paternal depression?
A) At younger ages, paternal depression is linked to frequent father-child conflict.
B) Children of depressed fathers tend to become overprotective parents.
C) Persistent paternal depression is a strong predictor of child behavior problems.
D) Over time, children exposed to paternal depression develop a positive worldview.

Accepted Answer

Persistent paternal depression has been consistently linked to child behavior problems, including externalizing behaviors such as aggression and disobedience, as well as internalizing behaviors such as anxiety and depression. Research suggests that the effects of paternal depression may be especially pronounced in early childhood and may persist into adolescence. Choices A, B, and D are not supported by research on the effects of paternal depression.

Question 7

Which of the following four babies who went to the doctor for the same vaccination will most likely remember it better?
A) Juan, who remained alert throughout the appointment
B) Mari, who smiled and cooed at the doctor
C) Wyatt, who was startled by the injection, but did not cry
D) Bina, who was highly upset by the injection

Accepted Answer

Bina, who was highly upset by the injection, is most likely to remember the experience due to the emotional intensity of the event. Research has shown that emotional events are more likely to be remembered than neutral events.

Question 8

Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world
A) associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way.
B) use the same responses to express a particular emotion.
C) become freer and more open about emotional expression with age.
D) exhibit similar levels of stranger anxiety in infancy.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that people from different cultures associate facial expressions with similar emotions.

Question 9

By the end of the first year, babies become increasingly skilled at
A) establishing an internal working model.
B) joint attention.
C) social smiling.
D) labeling their feelings.

Accepted Answer

Joint attention is the ability to share attention with another person towards an object or event, which is an important aspect of early social interaction and communication. By the end of the first year, babies become more skilled at joint attention, as they start to follow others' gaze and gesture and use pointing to communicate their own interests and intentions. The other options, such as the establishment of an internal working model, labeling their feelings, or social smiling, are important developmental milestones but not necessarily more prominent by the end of the first year.

Question 10

Infants of depressed mothers
A) often turn to their fathers for caretaking needs.
B) have abnormally low cortisol levels.
C) quickly learn to sooth themselves.
D) are less attentive to their surroundings.

Accepted Answer

Infants of depressed mothers tend to be less attentive to their surroundings. This can be due to the lack of stimulation and interaction from the depressed parent, which is crucial for an infant's development.

Question 11

The dynamic interplay between emotion and cognition begins
A) in early infancy.
B) in toddlerhood.
C) during the preschool years.
D) during the elementary school years.

Accepted Answer

The dynamic interplay between emotion and cognition begins in early infancy, as infants have emotional reactions to their environment and begin to develop cognitive processes such as attention and perception.

Question 12

About _____ percent of women experience mild to severe feelings of sadness, distress, and withdrawal that continue for months or years.
A) 1 to 3
B) 4 to 7
C) 8 to 10
D) 11 to 15

Accepted Answer

According to research, around 8 to 10 percent of women experience mild to severe symptoms of depression, which may last for several months or even years.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?
A) Emotions are learned behaviors.
B) Young children are unable to experience more than one emotion at a time.
C) Authoritative parents tend to discourage emotional expression in their children.
D) Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival.

Accepted Answer

Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival. For example, fear can lead to the avoidance of dangerous situations and sadness can lead to seeking comfort and support from others. Emotions play a crucial role in our survival and help us to adapt to different environments and situations. A and B are false statements as emotions have a biological basis and young children are capable of experiencing a wide range of emotions. C is also false because authoritative parents encourage emotional expression and support their children's emotional development.

Question 14

A baby coos and pats his mother's face, but she does not respond. The baby makes repeated attempts through facial expressions, vocalizations, and body movements to gain her attention, all to no avail. The baby is now likely to
A) coo at a toy.
B) adopt a still-faced expression.
C) engage in self-comfort strategies.
D) turn away and cry.

Accepted Answer

The baby has exhausted all attempts to gain the mother's attention and is likely to turn away and cry as a form of communication and expression of frustration.

Question 15

When her newborn brother cried, two-year-old Melly watched her mother's reactions. On a later occasion when her brother cried, Melly patted him and spoke softly to him. This is an example of
A) joint attention.
B) self-efficacy.
C) social referencing.
D) emotional self-regulation.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of social referencing, which refers to infants and toddlers observing and imitating the reactions of others in social situations. Melly watched her mother's reactions to her newborn brother's cries and then used this as a reference to how she should respond when her brother cried again.

Question 16

In a study, researchers taught 2- to 8-month-olds to pull a string to activate pleasurable sights and sounds, to which the infants responded with interest, happiness, and surprise. Then, for a short period, pulling the string no longer turned on the attractive stimuli, and the babies' emotional reactions changed to anger and sadness. Once the contingency was restored, the sad babies
A) showed renewed interest.
B) showed renewed enjoyment.
C) turned away.
D) reacted with high anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study, researchers taught 2- to...

Question 17

Elevated heart rate and blood pressure, a depressed immune response, and reduced digestive activity are all outcomes of
A) social referencing.
B) an avoidant attachment.
C) joint attention.
D) psychological stress.

Accepted Answer

Psychological stress can trigger the fight or flight response, resulting in elevated heart rate and blood pressure. Chronic stress can also lead to a depressed immune response and reduced digestive activity. Social referencing and joint attention are social-cognitive processes, while avoidant attachment is a type of attachment style in infants.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a basic emotion?
A) shame
B) fear
C) embarrassment
D) guilt

Accepted Answer

Fear is considered a basic emotion as it is a primary emotion that is innate and universal across cultures, meaning that it is experienced in a similar way by all individuals. Shame, embarrassment, and guilt are considered more complex emotions that involve social and cultural influences.

Question 19

The still-face reaction
A) occurs when communication is between an infant and a still-faced doll.
B) does not occur in nonindustrialized countries.
C) occurs only when natural human communication is disrupted.
D) is a learned response to a caregiver's ambiguous communication.

Accepted Answer

The still-face reaction occurs when natural human communication is disrupted, such as when a caregiver suddenly becomes nonresponsive or emotionally unresponsive to an infant's attempts to engage in social interaction. It is a response that has been observed across many different cultures and is considered a universal phase of infant-parent communication development.

Answer: D
 The still-face reaction is thought to be a learned response to a caregiver's ambiguous or nonresponsive communication. Infants typically learn to anticipate and respond to their caregiver's social cues (such as facial expressions and vocalizations) and can become distressed or disengaged when these cues are suddenly absent or unresponsive. This reaction has been used in research to study infant-parent attachment and the effects of parental responsiveness on infant development.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about postpartum depression?
A) About 3 to 5 percent of fathers report symptoms after the birth of a child.
B) It subsides as the new mother adjusts to hormonal changes in her body.
C) It subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby.
D) It is common and does not interfere with children's development.

Accepted Answer

Postpartum depression can affect fathers as well, with about 3 to 5 percent of new fathers reporting symptoms of depression after the birth of a child. This acknowledges the psychological and emotional changes that can occur in men during this period.

Quiz 10: Emotional Development

The emphasizes that the broad function of is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals.

In the years since her mother's death from breast cancer, Jeannine has participated in the local 5K run for cancer. When thinking about the run, Jeannine vacillates between pride and sadness. For Jeannine, this event has become

As Toshio approaches any situation, he rapidly appraises its personal significance, which prepares him for action. What does Toshio's appraisal represent?

Three-month-old Tara displays excitement when she first reaches for and grabs a rattle. This excitement shows that Tara is developing

In a study of children reared in extremely depleted Romanian orphanages, the longer they remained in the orphanages, the

Which of the following statements is true regarding paternal depression?

Which of the following four babies who went to the doctor for the same vaccination will most likely remember it better?

Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world

By the end of the first year, babies become increasingly skilled at

Infants of depressed mothers

The dynamic interplay between emotion and cognition begins

About _____ percent of women experience mild to severe feelings of sadness, distress, and withdrawal that continue for months or years.

Which of the following statements is true about emotions?

A baby coos and pats his mother's face, but she does not respond. The baby makes repeated attempts through facial expressions, vocalizations, and body movements to gain her attention, all to no avail. The baby is now likely to

When her newborn brother cried, two-year-old Melly watched her mother's reactions. On a later occasion when her brother cried, Melly patted him and spoke softly to him. This is an example of

Elevated heart rate and blood pressure, a depressed immune response, and reduced digestive activity are all outcomes of

Which of the following is an example of a basic emotion?

The still-face reaction

Which of the following statements is true about postpartum depression?