Question 1

Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.
A) intermodal perception
B) attribution training
C) empathetic responding
D) social cognition

Accepted Answer

Intermodal perception, or the ability to integrate information from multiple sensory modalities such as vision and hearing, is present in newborns and supports the development of self-awareness by allowing them to recognize their own body and movements in relation to the world around them.

Question 2

__________ is considered a powerful tool in self-development because it permits children to represent and express the self more clearly.
A) A large social network
B) Movement
C) Language
D) Recursive thought

Accepted Answer

Language is the only option related to self-expression and representation of the self. A large social network can help with social skills development but doesn't necessarily enhance self-expression. Movement and recursive thought can be useful, but they don't allow for the clear representation of the self as language does.

Question 3

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between toddlers' sense of self and possessiveness?
A) Toddlers with a weak sense of self are likely to argue loudly in a dispute over an object.
B) The stronger toddlers' self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be.
C) The weaker toddlers' self-definition, the more possessive they tend to be.
D) Toddlers must develop a sense of ownership before they can develop a sense of self-recognition.

Accepted Answer

The stronger a toddler's sense of self or self-definition, the more likely they are to exhibit possessive behaviors. This is because as toddlers become more aware of their own identity, they also become more aware of their possessions and the concept of ownership.

Question 4

As children integrate separate behaviors into an appreciation of their own and others' personalities and identities, social cognition
A) moves away from a metacognitive level of understanding.
B) changes from abstract to concrete.
C) becomes better organized with age.
D) develops more slowly than nonsocial cognition.

Accepted Answer

Social cognition becomes better organized with age as children develop a more integrated and sophisticated view of themselves and others. This includes understanding how others' behaviors may be influenced by internal states and social context, as well as recognizing the role of social roles and norms in shaping behavior. While social cognition may begin with concrete understanding, it becomes more abstract as children gain more complex social knowledge and integrate disparate experiences into a more coherent sense of self and others. Social cognition develops in tandem with nonsocial cognition and may, in fact, influence and be influenced by general cognitive development.

Question 5

Research indicates that infants who look and smile more at video images of others than at video images of themselves
A) have not yet developed self-awareness.
B) are viewing another person as a potential social partner.
C) have a limited self-conceptualization.
D) cannot yet distinguish strangers from familiar caregivers.

Accepted Answer

Infants who look and smile more at video images of others than at video images of themselves are showing an interest in social interaction and viewing the other person as a potential social partner. This suggests that they have already developed some level of self-awareness and are able to distinguish between themselves and others. However, they may still have a limited self-conceptualization at this stage.

Question 6

During the evening drive home, Mr. Cruz looks at his 4-year-old daughter in the rearview mirror and asks what she is doing. She responds, "I'm thinking inside." Her response indicates an awareness of the __________ self.
A) categorical
B) enduring
C) inner
D) remembered

Accepted Answer

The daughter's response indicates an awareness of her inner self, as she is reflecting on her own thoughts and feelings. The other options do not accurately capture this aspect of self-awareness.

Question 7

Dr. Zoglin explains to his students how much easier it is to predict the motion of a physical object, such as a rolling ball, than the actions of a person. Dr. Zoglin is describing
A) differences between the I-self and the me-self.
B) differences between social and nonsocial cognition.
C) the development of self-awareness.
D) metacognitive understanding.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Zoglin is describing differences between social and nonsocial cognition, as he is discussing the predictability of physical objects versus people.

Question 8

Dr. Arbus is interested in learning how children come to understand their multifaceted world. In her research, she asks questions like: When do infants discover that they are separate beings, distinct from other people and objects? Dr. Arbus is studying
A) social cognition.
B) the inner self.
C) self-concept.
D) personality development.

Accepted Answer

Dr. Arbus is studying social cognition, which is the process by which individuals learn about their social and physical world, including how they perceive, remember, and use information about themselves and others.

Question 9

The development of __________ memory is linked with the emergence of the __________ self.
A) recognition; social
B) working; enduring
C) semantic; categorical
D) autobiographical; remembered

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory is the memory of personal experiences, and the emergence of this type of memory is linked to the development of the remembered self or autobiographical self. This self-concept arises during early childhood as children begin to develop a sense of their own identity and personal history, which they can recall and reflect on through autobiographical memories.

Question 10

At what age will infants first look longer at a video image of a peer than at a video image of themselves?
A) 1 month
B) 4 months
C) 6 months
D) 9 months

Accepted Answer

At 4 months of age, infants begin to show a preference for looking at video images of peers over video images of themselves, indicating a developmental milestone in social awareness and interest in others.

Question 11

Chinese parents integrate Confucian traditions of strict discipline and social obligations into their personal stories to
A) teach children the importance of autonomy and independent decision making.
B) reinforce children's spunk and assertiveness.
C) affirm the importance of not disgracing the family.
D) illustrate how children from other cultures behave.

Accepted Answer

Confucian traditions emphasize the importance of acting in a socially responsible manner and not bringing shame or disgrace upon one's family. Parents often integrate these values into personal stories as a way to reinforce this message to their children.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Question 12

Research examining the storytelling practices between adults and 2½-year-olds in Irish-American and Chinese families reveals that
A) Irish-American families tend to discuss holidays and family trips more than Chinese families.
B) Irish-Americans tend to downplay story transgressions by attributing them to the child's spunk and assertiveness.
C) parents in both cultures are equally likely to teach proper behavior at a story's conclusion.
D) Chinese parents are more likely than Irish-American parents to emphasize the child's autonomy.

Accepted Answer

The research findings reveal that Irish-Americans tend to downplay story transgressions by attributing them to the child's spunk and assertiveness.

Question 13

When visiting her grandmother's house, 2-year-old Marta sees a new family photo on the wall, points to it, and says, "See Marta," to her grandmother. Marta's behavior indicates that she
A) is aware of self-reflection.
B) is aware of her inner self.
C) has developed self-recognition.
D) has not yet established self-awareness.

Accepted Answer

Marta's ability to recognize herself in a family photo indicates that she has developed self-recognition, which is a necessary component of self-awareness. This ability typically does not develop until around the age of 2, indicating that Marta is within the normal range of development for this skill. Additionally, Marta's use of her own name to refer to herself ("See Marta") suggests that she has developed an awareness of her own identity as a separate individual from others.

Question 14

During the first year, as infants act on the environment, they
A) are self-involved and cannot focus on objects.
B) cannot distinguish between self and others.
C) notice effects that help them sort out self, other people, and objects.
D) are unable to separate objects from the surrounding world.

Accepted Answer

Infants notice effects that help them sort out self, other people, and objects during their first year. This includes learning to distinguish between self and others and separating objects from the surrounding world. They are not self-involved and can focus on objects, making A and D incorrect. They also begin to develop a sense of self during this period, so B is incorrect.

Question 15

Three-year-old Athena says, "Daddy's a man. Mommy's a woman." These statements suggest that Athena has developed a
A) categorical self.
B) large vocabulary.
C) social self.
D) remembered self.

Accepted Answer

Athena's statements suggest that she has developed a categorical self, which is an understanding that people can be sorted into categories based on characteristics such as gender.

Question 16

Most North Americans regard favorable self-esteem as __________ for healthy development, whereas Chinese adults generally see it as __________.
A) crucial; unimportant or even negative
B) unimportant or even negative; crucial
C) somewhat important; maladaptive and harmful
D) somewhat important; crucial

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that North Americans view high self-esteem as essential for healthy development, while Chinese adults often see it as undesirable or even harmful. Chinese culture emphasizes modesty and humility, and people who stand out or display excessive confidence can be viewed as arrogant or conceited. In contrast, North American culture values individualism and self-expression, and high self-esteem is seen as a positive trait.

Question 17

Not until age _____ are children certain that a video image of themselves replayed a few minutes after it was filmed is still "me."
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Accepted Answer

Around the age of 4, children develop the self-awareness necessary to recognize a delayed video image of themselves as still being "me." This is part of the broader development of self-recognition and self-awareness that typically occurs during the preschool years.

Question 18

Two-year-old Isabella has a red dot on her nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub off the dot. This behavior indicates that Isabella is developing
A) self-recognition.
B) self-reflection.
C) emotional contagion.
D) a secure identity.

Accepted Answer

Isabella's attempt to rub off the dot on her nose shows that she is aware of her own reflection in the mirror and is able to distinguish herself from her environment. This is a sign of self-recognition, which is an important aspect of self-awareness and identity development in young children. Self-reflection and emotional contagion are more advanced levels of self-awareness that typically develop later in life, while a secure identity involves a broader sense of self and social identity.

Question 19

Five-year-old Jamari observes his friend Liam fall while ice skating. Instead of crying, Liam starts to laugh, and Jamari imagines what Liam's thoughts and feelings might be. Jamari is using __________ to understand Liam's actions.
A) self-regulation
B) social comparison
C) belief-desire theory of mind
D) perspective taking

Accepted Answer

Jamari is using perspective taking to understand Liam's actions by imagining Liam's thoughts and feelings. Perspective taking involves the ability to understand and take into consideration other people's thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.

Question 20

Cross-cultural research shows that German and Greek caregivers use a(n) __________ parenting style common in cultures that value independence, while Nso caregivers use a(n) __________ parenting style typical in cultures that value interdependence.
A) authoritarian; permissive
B) permissive; uninvolved
C) distal; proximal
D) proximal; distal

Accepted Answer

Cultures that value independence, such as those in Germany and Greece, tend to use a distal parenting style, which emphasizes autonomy and self-reliance. In contrast, cultures that value interdependence, like the Nso, use a proximal parenting style, focusing on close physical proximity and constant interaction with the child.

Quiz 11: Self and Social Understanding

Newborns' remarkable capacity for __________ supports the beginnings of self-awareness.

__________ is considered a powerful tool in self-development because it permits children to represent and express the self more clearly.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between toddlers' sense of self and possessiveness?

As children integrate separate behaviors into an appreciation of their own and others' personalities and identities, social cognition

Research indicates that infants who look and smile more at video images of others than at video images of themselves

During the evening drive home, Mr. Cruz looks at his 4-year-old daughter in the rearview mirror and asks what she is doing. She responds, "I'm thinking inside." Her response indicates an awareness of the __________ self.

Dr. Zoglin explains to his students how much easier it is to predict the motion of a physical object, such as a rolling ball, than the actions of a person. Dr. Zoglin is describing

Dr. Arbus is interested in learning how children come to understand their multifaceted world. In her research, she asks questions like: When do infants discover that they are separate beings, distinct from other people and objects? Dr. Arbus is studying

The development of memory is linked with the emergence of the self.

At what age will infants first look longer at a video image of a peer than at a video image of themselves?

Chinese parents integrate Confucian traditions of strict discipline and social obligations into their personal stories to

Research examining the storytelling practices between adults and 2½-year-olds in Irish-American and Chinese families reveals that

When visiting her grandmother's house, 2-year-old Marta sees a new family photo on the wall, points to it, and says, "See Marta," to her grandmother. Marta's behavior indicates that she

During the first year, as infants act on the environment, they

Three-year-old Athena says, "Daddy's a man. Mommy's a woman." These statements suggest that Athena has developed a

Most North Americans regard favorable self-esteem as for healthy development, whereas Chinese adults generally see it as .

Not until age _____ are children certain that a video image of themselves replayed a few minutes after it was filmed is still "me."

Two-year-old Isabella has a red dot on her nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub off the dot. This behavior indicates that Isabella is developing

Five-year-old Jamari observes his friend Liam fall while ice skating. Instead of crying, Liam starts to laugh, and Jamari imagines what Liam's thoughts and feelings might be. Jamari is using __________ to understand Liam's actions.

Cross-cultural research shows that German and Greek caregivers use a(n) parenting style common in cultures that value independence, while Nso caregivers use a(n) parenting style typical in cultures that value interdependence.