Question 1

Making a quick decision about an athlete based on generalizations and incomplete knowledge results in:

Accepted Answer

Stereotyping involves making assumptions about a group of people based on limited information or generalizations. In this case, making a quick decision about an athlete without fully understanding their abilities or background is an example of stereotyping. Discrimination, prejudice, and disparaging would require negative actions or attitudes towards the athlete, whereas stereotyping is more about making assumptions.

Question 2

Prejudice involves harmful or negative _____ toward individuals of a particular group.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes toward individuals of a particular group, which are not based on reason or actual experience. These are typically negative and involve harmful or negative thoughts rather than behaviors, policies, or actions directly.

Question 3

Discrimination involves harmful or negative _____ toward individuals of a particular group.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination involves harmful or negative behavior toward individuals of a particular group. While thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes can also contribute to discrimination, it is the behavior (such as exclusion, mistreatment, or unequal treatment) that is the most harmful and visible manifestation of discrimination.

Question 4

Stereotypes about athletes may involve the athlete's

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes about athletes can involve any of the options given, including gender, nationality, sexual orientation, and more. It is important to recognize and challenge these stereotypes to promote inclusivity and fairness in sports.

Question 5

One group of researchers reported that sports with more _____ athletes than _____ athletes were viewed as more masculine.

Accepted Answer

This finding is based on societal stereotypes and perceptions that associate certain racial groups with specific physical attributes or abilities. The perception of masculinity in sports can be influenced by racial stereotypes, leading to the belief that sports dominated by Black athletes are viewed as more masculine compared to those with a higher proportion of Asian athletes.

Question 6

Compared with ______ athletes, ______ athletes have reported being more comfortable disclosing their sexual identity.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that female athletes generally report being more comfortable disclosing their sexual identity compared to male athletes, due to differing societal expectations and norms regarding gender and sexuality.

Question 7

In one study of 3500 soccer fans, _____ of fans reported opposition to homophobi

Accepted Answer

In the study, 93% of the 3500 soccer fans reported opposition to homophobia, indicating a high level of awareness and rejection of homophobic attitudes within this group.

Question 8

Over the last ten years, support for homosexual athletes has _____, based on surveys of athletes.

Accepted Answer

Surveys conducted over the last ten years consistently show an increase in support for homosexual athletes among their peers. This trend is reflected not only in the number of athletes who openly identify as LGBTQ+ but also in the overall changing attitudes towards homosexuality in sports.

Question 9

Which theory posits that individuals learn stereotypes through a conditioning process, via both experience and observation

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory posits that individuals learn stereotypes through a conditioning process, via both experience and observation. This theory suggests that people develop stereotypes by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior. Individuals then learn to model that behavior, ultimately reinforcing the stereotype through their own experiences.

Question 10

You go to a volleyball game and repeat the insulting cheers about the other team that you hear you friends make. You eventually generalize these feelings to members of the other team and fans of the other team. This process is captured by:

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory explains how people can learn new behaviors, attitudes, and values from observing others. In this scenario, by repeating insulting cheers heard from friends, you're learning and adopting their negative attitudes towards the other team and their fans, which aligns with the principles of social learning theory.

Question 11

In a study of words used to describe snowboarders, researchers found that words like "glamorous," and "soft-spoken" were more often applied to _____ athletes than _____ athletes

Accepted Answer

The question pertains to the use of certain words to describe snowboarders, and based on the options given, the most applicable choice would be A since it deals with gender. The words "glamorous" and "soft-spoken" are typically associated with feminine qualities, hence it is likely that they were applied more to female snowboarders than to male snowboarders. This suggests a gender bias in the way people perceive and describe athletes, which could have implications for gender equity in sports.

Question 12

Wearing the jersey of your favorite sports team only after a victory is most consistent with ______.

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory suggests that individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with and expressing loyalty to a group that they perceive as superior or better than other groups. Wearing the jersey after a victory reinforces the individual's sense of belonging to a successful group and can therefore enhance their self-esteem. This is consistent with social identity theory.

Question 13

Which behavior is most consistent with the idea of basking in reflected glory?

Accepted Answer

Using "we" to refer to a favorite sports team is consistent with basking in reflected glory because it implies a personal identification and association with the success of the team.

Question 14

A salesperson acts nicer and offers a better deal to an individual that graduated from the same college. This behavior is best described as:

Accepted Answer

The salesperson is favoring someone who graduated from the same college as them, which is an example of in-group favoritism. This is a bias towards individuals who are part of their own group or share a common identity.

Question 15

Social identity theory predicts that discriminating against people in an "out-group" increases:

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory suggests that individuals gain a sense of self-worth and positive identity by identifying with and belonging to certain social groups. Discrimination against those in an "out-group" serves to further strengthen the perceived superiority and dominance of the "in-group," leading to an increase in feelings of self-worth. Discrimination does not necessarily result in feelings of failure or competitiveness.

Question 16

A study of college football coaches reported that after viewing identical game film and resumes, college coaches rated _____ high school athletes more highly than _____ athletes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A study of college football coaches reported...

Question 17

Compared to male soccer players, researchers reported that female players were more likely to be punished for aggressive behaviors, possible due to:

Accepted Answer

Contrast Effect: This refers to the tendency to perceive differences between two stimuli as being greater than they actually are when the stimuli are presented together. In this case, the researchers may have been more likely to notice and punish aggressive behaviors in female players because they were comparing them to male players, who are typically more aggressive.

Question 18

Which of the following behaviors may be less celebrated because of perceptual confirmation?

Accepted Answer

Perceptual confirmation is the tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs. In this case, the belief is that Black people are not as good at swimming as White people. So, when a Black swimmer wins a medal in the Olympics, it is less celebrated because it does not confirm the existing belief.

Question 19

Contrast effect is a good description for which of the following behaviors?

Accepted Answer

Contrast effect refers to the tendency to perceive people or objects as more different from one another than they really are. In this case, the professor is more impressed with the athlete's grade because he or she has unconsciously compared the student's athletic abilities to his or her academic abilities, making the academic accomplishment seem more impressive. The other choices do not necessarily involve contrast effect.

Question 20

Viewing female athletes in _____ led high school and college women to feel jealous and to lower self-evaluations of their own bodies.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that viewing highly sexualized photos of female athletes can lead to negative effects on the body image and self-esteem of high school and college women. This is because they may compare their own bodies to the idealized and often unrealistic standards portrayed in these images, leading to feelings of inadequacy and jealousy. Performance photos, live performances, and recorded performances do not necessarily have the same negative effects on body image and self-esteem.

Quiz 9: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination