Question 1

When making a court decision, Judge Ito says, "I try to come to reasonable solutions based on the basis of the best arguments that I have available." Judge Ito appears to be in the ____ stages of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

Judge Ito's statement suggests that he is in the later stages of reflective judgment where he is able to consider multiple perspectives and make decisions based on reasoned arguments. He is not relying on initial assumptions or simplistic reasoning, but rather is using critical thinking skills to reach reasonable solutions.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the way middle-aged people think about a young couple that eloped over their parents' objection?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes the...

Question 3

Which of the following individuals is most likely to effectively integrate emotion into their thinking?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following individuals is most...

Question 4

Which student is most likely to ask, "Are there any truths in the world?"

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which student is most likely to ask,...

Question 5

When Lorenzo ponders the question, "How can women remain in abusive relationships?" he is engaging in

Accepted Answer

Reflective judgment refers to the cognitive capacity to evaluate evidence and arguments to arrive at well-reasoned beliefs or decisions. Pondering the question of why women remain in abusive relationships requires reflective judgment because it involves analyzing and synthesizing complex and often conflicting information. A) Role transition refers to a change in status or position, such as becoming a parent or starting a new job. B) Rite of passage refers to a ritual or ceremony that marks a significant life transition, such as a graduation or wedding. D) Multidirectionality refers to the idea that development involves both gains and losses, and that growth and decline can occur simultaneously in different areas of life.

Question 6

According to Perry (1970), by the end of college, the most advanced students

Accepted Answer

According to Perry (1970), the most advanced students acknowledge the right of others to hold opinions contrary to their own. This is reflective of their ability to engage in active and open-minded dialogue, recognizing the value of diverse perspectives.

Question 7

In order to qualify as a "postformal thinker," you must be able to accept

Accepted Answer

Postformal thinking involves being able to recognize and accept contradictions as a natural part of life and truth as a complex and multifaceted concept. It goes beyond egocentric thought and acknowledges that there are multiple perspectives and sources of knowledge. While experience is important, postformal thinkers also recognize the value of logic, reason, and evidence-based inquiry.

Question 8

The strength of one's beliefs about rules, beliefs, and attitudes is linked to

Accepted Answer

The answer of The strength of one's beliefs about rules,...

Question 9

A graph of the research on the social rule "you can't stop true love" by age would likely show

Accepted Answer

A U-shaped curve would likely represent how belief in the idea that "you can't stop true love" might be strong in younger ages, decrease during middle age due to life experiences and skepticism, and then increase again in older age as people reflect on life and relationships.

Question 10

The belief that "marriage is more important than a career" is most prevalent among which age group?

Accepted Answer

The belief that marriage is more important than a career tends to be more prevalent among older adults who may have been raised in a different era with traditional gender roles and expectations. Children and adolescents may not yet have fully-formed beliefs on this topic, and young adults tend to prioritize career advancement and independence before marriage.

Question 11

Which of the following impacts the development of social beliefs least?

Accepted Answer

Intellectual differences have the least impact on the development of social beliefs as beliefs are often shaped by cultural and environmental factors, rather than solely on intellectual abilities.

Question 12

Mature thinkers tend to

Accepted Answer

Mature thinkers recognize that emotion plays a role in decision-making, but also understand the importance of logic and rational thinking. They are able to balance both aspects and make decisions that are not solely based on personal experience or absolute rules, but rather a combination of various factors. Tolerance and ambiguity can also be part of their decision-making process, as they are able to consider different perspectives and possibilities.

Question 13

Which constitutes the highest level of thinking in adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Postformal thought is the highest level of thinking in adulthood, characterized by an understanding that knowledge is subjective and complex and cannot always be determined by logical or empirical means. It involves the ability to consider multiple perspectives, tolerate ambiguity, and reconcile paradoxical or contradictory information. Conventional thought (A) is characteristic of adolescence and involves a reliance on social norms and rules. Sensorimotor thought (B) is characteristic of infancy and involves understanding the world through sensory and motor experiences. Hypothetical-deductive thought (D) is characteristic of adolescence and involves the ability to think abstractly and systematically, but it is not the highest level of thinking in adulthood.

Question 14

Jason believes that gun control is absolutely wrong and that the right to possess guns is an absolute right. Jason would probably be closest to the ____ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

The initial stage of reflective judgment is characterized by black-and-white thinking and a belief in absolute truths. Jason's belief in the absolute right to possess guns fits within this stage.

Question 15

With regard to age, how did different age groups respond to the belief that "you can't stop love"?

Accepted Answer

It is not specified in the text that either young people or old people reject the belief that "you can't stop love". Therefore, both young and old people endorse this rule. Middle-aged people are not mentioned in the text either way.

Question 16

The statement, "Nothing in life can be known for certain" is most likely to be uttered by someone at the _____ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The statement, "Nothing in life can be...

Question 17

When Satoru ponders the question, "How can light be both a wave and a particle?" he is engaging in

Accepted Answer

Satoru is engaging in reflective judgment, which is the ability to evaluate evidence, arguments, and reasons in order to form a defensible argument or belief. This is evident from his pondering of a complex scientific question about the nature of light, which requires careful evaluation of different theories and evidence. Reflective judgment is a key aspect of critical thinking and is essential for success in many academic and professional fields.

Question 18

When encountering a specific situation, which of the following does not occur in the process of thinking about the situation?

Accepted Answer

When thinking about a specific situation, a spiritual reaction is not a common occurrence. The other options (emotional reaction, cognitive belief system activation, social judgments) are all typical thought processes that one might have when encountering a situation.

Question 19

The Blanchard-Fields (1986) classic study of dilemma-solving in high school students, college students, and middle-aged adults found that

Accepted Answer

The Blanchard-Fields study found that adult participants were most effective at integrating emotion into their thinking, giving them an advantage in solving dilemmas. Therefore, option A is the correct choice. Options B, C and D are incorrect as they do not reflect the findings of the study.

Question 20

Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher's authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be closest to the _____ stage of reflective judgment.

Accepted Answer

Ralphie's belief aligns with the initial stage of reflective judgment, where individuals tend to accept authority figures' views without question, indicating a pre-reflective thinking pattern.

Quiz 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development