Question 1

An individual's sense of themselves as a male or female is their

Accepted Answer

Gender identity is an individual's internal and personal sense of being male, female, or a combination of both, regardless of their biological sex or gender role. Gender role refers to the behaviors and attitudes that a society expects from males and females, while gender type and gender stereotype are not commonly used terms in current gender research or theory.

Question 2

Marlene is very angry at Dominique, a girl in her class, because she feels that Dominique has been flirting with her boyfriend. To get back at her, Marlene starts spreading rumors about Dominique that are designed to attack her character. Marlene is using ____ aggression to hurt her classmate.

Accepted Answer

Marlene is using relational aggression, which is a form of aggression that aims to harm someone's relationships or social status. In this case, Marlene is spreading rumors about Dominique to damage her reputation, rather than physically or verbally attacking her.

Question 3

Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) found that girls are more likely to comply with the directions of adults than boys, and they are more readily influenced by others than boys are. One explanation your authors offer for these findings is that

Accepted Answer

Girls value harmony and don't want people to start arguing.

Question 4

Research consistently finds that fathers and mothers treat their children differently based on the child's sex. Which statement accurately explains some of this variance?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that mothers tend to respond to their children based on their individual needs and characteristics, while fathers are more likely to treat their children based on traditional gender stereotypes. For example, fathers may encourage sons to engage in rough play and physical activity, while encouraging daughters to engage in more nurturing and domestic activities. Mothers, on the other hand, are more likely to respond to each child's unique abilities and interests.

Question 5

Children tend to have more gender-neutral interests, attitudes, and self-concepts when their parents are more

Accepted Answer

When parents have nontraditional gender roles, they are more likely to encourage gender-neutral interests, attitudes, and self-concepts in their children, which can promote greater gender equality and reduce gender stereotyping. Traditional and patriarchal values often reinforce gender roles and stereotypes, while an agrarian lifestyle may not necessarily have a direct impact on gender-neutral attitudes and beliefs.

Question 6

Your friend Nadia has recently had a child, and is struggling with the decision to return to work. "I miss my job terribly," she says," but if I put the baby in day care, she might lose her bond with me!" Knowing the research in this area as well as you do, you reply:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that quality child care does not compromise the attachment between a parent and their child, especially if the child already has a secure attachment to the parent. Therefore, Nadia can feel confident that her child's bond with her will not be affected if she decides to return to work and put the baby in childcare.

Question 7

Full understanding of gender is said to develop gradually in three stages. What is NOT one of these stages?

Accepted Answer

The three stages of gender development proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg are gender labeling (age 2-3), gender stability (age 3-4), and gender constancy (age 5-7). Gender ambiguity is not considered one of these stages.

Question 8

According to a research study described in your textbook, parents are more likely to encourage

Accepted Answer

Parents are more likely to encourage daughters when they're engaging in traditional gender roles, such as playing with dolls.

Question 9

Results from the Family Lifestyles Project indicate that children raised by counterculture parents are different from children raised by parents with more traditional values in that

Accepted Answer

The article states, "children from countercultural families reported fewer occupational stereotypes than did those from traditional families."

Question 10

Young Jean observes that her mother often cooks dinner, while her father is responsible for taking out the trash and mowing the lawn. She is learning ____ that are associated with men and women.

Accepted Answer

Social roles refer to the set of behaviors and expectations that are associated with a particular position in society. In this case, Young Jean is learning about the social roles that are traditionally assigned to men and women in her family.

Question 11

With regard to differences between men and women, research has found that there are, in fact, differences in all EXCEPT for:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there are no significant differences in the frequency of prosocial behaviors between men and women, whereas differences have been observed in verbal ability, mathematics, and spatial ability.

Question 12

All cultures have gender ____, which refers to beliefs and images about males and females that may or may not be true.​

Accepted Answer

The definition given in the statement fits the concept of gender stereotypes. Gender identities refer to a person's internal sense of their gender, types and functions are not related to beliefs and images about males and females.

Question 13

Which statement would be the MOST consistent with social cognitive theory?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of observational learning in the acquisition of behavior, including gender roles. Children observe and imitate the behavior of others, particularly those they perceive as models, and learn from the outcomes (rewards and punishments) of those behaviors. This is often referred to as vicarious reinforcement or punishment. Therefore, choice D is the most consistent with social cognitive theory. Choices A, B, and C do not emphasize the importance of social learning or observation in the acquisition of gender roles.

Question 14

If he is like most preschoolers, Dougie is likely to believe that girls are more likely than boys to be

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers often have stereotypical views of gender roles and abilities. They might believe that girls are more likely to be verbally aggressive because, at this age, they are beginning to understand social roles but often interpret them in very black-and-white terms. Physical aggression, strength, dominance, and playing football are typically associated with boys in the context of common gender stereotypes at this developmental stage.

Question 15

According to gender-schema theory, in order to decide whether to learn more about an object, a child must first

Accepted Answer

According to gender-schema theory, a child must first determine whether an object is associated with females or males before deciding whether to learn more about it. This is because children develop gender schemas, which are mental frameworks that organize gender-related information. Gender schemas shape how children process and remember information, as well as their interests and preferences. Therefore, a child's gender schema influences their decision-making about whether to explore objects that are associated with their own gender.

Question 16

Your authors suggest that several factors may explain gender roles and differences. They include biology, socialization, and a child's own efforts. Which word best encapsulates your author's view of the contributions of these three factors to such understanding?

Accepted Answer

The authors' view suggests that the contributions of biology, socialization, and a child's own efforts interact with each other in shaping gender roles and differences.

Question 17

At what age do children begin to understand that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or according to personal wishes?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that by the age of 5, most children have a basic understanding of gender stability, which means recognizing that gender does not change over situations or personal wishes. However, it should be noted that children's understanding of gender is a gradual process that continues throughout childhood and may be influenced by various factors such as cultural norms and individual experiences.

Question 18

A ____ is a set of cultural guidelines that dictate how a person should behave, particularly with other people.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ____ is a set of cultural...

Question 19

When trying to find day care for children, research suggests a number of factors are worth seeking out. What is NOT one of these?

Accepted Answer

High staff turnover is not a factor worth seeking out when trying to find day care for children. Ideally, parents should look for a low ratio of children to caregivers, well-trained and experienced staff, and ample opportunities for educational and social stimulation for children. High staff turnover can be a red flag as it may indicate poor management or job dissatisfaction among employees.

Question 20

Research has found that while 12-month-old children look at gender-stereotyped toys equally, by the time children reach ____ they look longer at toys that are associated with their own sex.

Accepted Answer

By 18 months of age, children start to show a preference for toys stereotypically associated with their own gender, indicating the early development of gendered behaviors and interests.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood