Question 1

According to Erikson, the first three stages of psychosocial development involve the crises of basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, and initiative vs. guilt.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's first three stages of psychosocial development do involve the crises of basic trust vs. mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlerhood), and initiative vs. guilt (preschool years).

Question 2

Infants as early as four months of age will attend more to a face depicting a negative emotional expression than to a face depicting a positive one.

Accepted Answer

Research studies have shown that infants as early as four months of age have a preference for attending to faces displaying negative emotions, such as anger or fear, over faces displaying positive emotions, such as joy or happiness. This may suggest an innate ability to detect and respond to potential threats in the environment.

Question 3

Children who are placed in some form of child care almost always develop social difficulties as they reach mid- to late-childhood.

Accepted Answer

Research findings on the impact of child care on children's social development are mixed, and it is not accurate to make a blanket statement that all children in child care will develop social difficulties. Factors such as the quality of child care, the child's temperament, and the family's social and economic context can all play a role in shaping children's social outcomes.

Question 4

Like adults, children (even very young ones) use others' emotions to direct their own behaviors, a practice called social referencing.

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is a well-documented phenomenon in child development where children use others' emotional expressions to gather information and guide their behavior. This practice has been observed in children as young as 6 months old, and it is an important tool for navigating social situations and learning from others.

Question 5

Girls' interactions with each other are typically constricting, while boys' interactions with each other are typically enabling.

Accepted Answer

Girls' interactions with each other can be both enabling and constricting, just like boys' interactions. The nature of interactions depends on individual personalities, social contexts, and specific situations, rather than being determined solely by gender.

Question 6

Imaginary friends are psychologically unhealthy and should be discouraged.

Accepted Answer

Imaginary friends are a normal part of many children's development and can actually be beneficial for their imagination, social skills, and coping abilities. Research has shown that imaginary friends are not a sign of psychological problems and should not be discouraged unless they interfere with a child's daily functioning or relationships.

Question 7

Toward a child's second birthday, cooperative play which is characterized by organization and collaboration between playmates, begins to emerge.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Cooperative play usually begins to emerge around a child's second birthday as they start to understand how to play with others, share things, take turns and interact with their playmates. This stage represents a significant leap in social development as young children learn how to communicate, negotiate, and problem-solve with others while playing.

Question 8

Internal working models involve expectations about parental responsiveness.

Accepted Answer

Internal working models are mental representations that children develop about themselves, their parents, and relationships in general. These models shape children's expectations for how they will be treated by their parents and others, and influence their behavior in relationships throughout their lives. One important feature of internal working models is the expectation of parental responsiveness, or how consistently and effectively parents will meet their child's needs and respond to their cues.

Question 9

Research has found that children who are presented with opportunities to behave prosocially develop a stronger interest and satisfaction in engaging in prosocial activities.

Accepted Answer

Research has indeed shown that when children are given opportunities to exhibit prosocial behaviors, they tend to become more interested in and satisfied with engaging in such activities. This is because experiences of engaging in prosocial behavior often provide a sense of reward, stimulation, and personal fulfillment, which can motivate the child to seek out similar experiences in the future. Additionally, positive feedback and recognition from adults and peers further reinforces the child's desire and willingness to engage in prosocial behavior.

Question 10

The formation of an attachment demonstrates the combined influence of the different facets of the biopsychosocial framework of human development.

Accepted Answer

The formation of an attachment involves biological, psychological, and social factors, which are all key components of the biopsychosocial framework of human development. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 11

As toddlers, girls tend to have smaller vocabularies than boys.

Accepted Answer

This statement is actually false. Research has shown that there is no significant difference in vocabulary size between toddler girls and boys. Gender does not play a role in language development during early childhood.

Question 12

As children get older, they rely less on others to regulate their emotions for them.

Accepted Answer

As children grow and develop, they gain more emotional self-regulation skills and become less dependent on others for emotional regulation.

Question 13

A full understanding of gender begins by understanding that gender does not change over time.

Accepted Answer

While biological sex is a fixed characteristic, gender is a social construct that can vary across time, cultures, and individuals' personal experiences. Gender identity can also evolve and change over time for some individuals.

Question 14

As an infant's growing cognitive and language skills allow them to act as true partners in an attachment relationship, they enter the 'true attachment' stage of attachment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of As an infant's growing cognitive and language...

Question 15

When two children share the same toys and play with them in the same way, working together to refine their chosen game, they are engaging in parallel play.

Accepted Answer

Parallel play refers to when children play next to each other but do not interact or play together. Sharing toys and working together to refine a game is an example of cooperative play.

Question 16

Research has found that fathers are more likely than mothers to treat their sons and daughters differently based on the child's sex.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that fathers are more likely to engage in gender-stereotyped behaviors with their children, such as encouraging boys to participate in sports and girls to play with dolls. This can lead to differential treatment based on the child's sex. However, it is important to note that not all fathers exhibit these behaviors and that mothers can also contribute to gendered behavior in their children.

Question 17

Behavior that is driven by feelings of responsibility toward other people, such as helping and sharing, in which individuals do not benefit directly from their actions, is called empathy.

Accepted Answer

This behavior is more accurately described as altruism, which involves acting out of concern for the well-being of others, without direct personal gain, rather than empathy, which is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference.

Question 18

Basic emotions include fear, anger, sadness, rage, jealously, and shame.

Accepted Answer

Basic emotions typically include fear, anger, sadness, happiness, surprise, and disgust. Rage, jealousy, and shame are more complex emotions.

Question 19

All cultures have gender stereotypes.

Accepted Answer

Gender stereotypes are prevalent in all cultures, although the specific stereotypes may vary among different societies.

Question 20

When a baby is upset when her attachment figure leaves the room, and then demonstrates anger when the attachment figure returns, she is displaying an avoidant attachment style.

Accepted Answer

This is incorrect. A baby displaying anger when an attachment figure returns after leaving the room is demonstrating a resistant/ambivalent attachment style, as they may be anxious and unsure whether to seek or reject comfort from their caregiver. An avoidant attachment style would involve the baby showing little to no distress when their caregiver leaves and not seeking comfort upon their return.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood