Question 1

In their 30s, adults who were highly aggressive as children are at risk for

Accepted Answer

The answer of In their 30s, adults who were highly...

Question 2

Research examining oft-made criticisms of television-watching in children has found that

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that simply watching television does not do harm to a child's ability to pay attention. However, excessive screen time can lead to other negative effects such as a sedentary lifestyle or decreased social skills. It is important for parents to limit screen time and encourage other activities like outdoor play or reading.

Question 3

Several personal characteristics in a child seem to lead to an increased likelihood that the child will be victimized by peers. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?

Accepted Answer

Being very popular is not typically associated with an increased likelihood of being victimized by peers. In fact, often the opposite is true as popular children tend to have more social support and protection from friends.

Question 4

For children, peer rejection in childhood can have serious long-term consequences, including all EXCEPT which outcome?

Accepted Answer

There is no research that indicates that peer rejection in childhood can lead to medical problems like cancer. However, research suggests that peer rejection may increase the risk of dropping out of school, committing juvenile offenses, and suffering from psychopathology.

Question 5

The biggest positive influence of American television on children has been ____.

Accepted Answer

Sesame Street is a long-running educational show that focuses on teaching children foundational skills like letters, numbers, and social skills. It has had a significant positive influence on children's education and development. Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, Blue's Clues, and The Wiggles have also had positive impacts, but Sesame Street's influence has been the greatest.

Question 6

The primary purpose of hostile aggression seems to be

Accepted Answer

Hostile aggression is motivated by the desire to harm someone, often with the goal of intimidating, harassing, or embarrassing them. It is not focused on accomplishing a specific goal or accumulating objects, and it may or may not undermine social relationships.

Question 7

Research finds that a very common use of computers, particularly for boys, is to

Accepted Answer

Research has found that playing games online is a very common use of computers, particularly for boys.

Question 8

All EXCEPT which of the following have been found to be associated with watching television?

Accepted Answer

Studies have found associations between watching television and increased aggression, gender stereotype learning, and decreased self-control. However, there is no evidence to suggest that watching television leads to an increased likelihood of volunteering in one's community.

Question 9

By the time she graduates high school, the average American teenager has spent the equivalent of ____ watching television.

Accepted Answer

The average American teenager spends about two years watching television by the time they graduate high school. This estimate considers the cumulative hours spent watching TV over several years.

Question 10

In their junior high school English class one day, Jason is reading a book and minding his own business. Suddenly, Steve, a well-known bully, yells, "Hey, Jason, you're fat!" Some of the classmates laugh nervously, and Jason looks up and just smiles. Then Steve says, "Look at that smile, man. You're ugly, too!" The laughter in the class stops, as Jason looks back down at his book, clearly embarrassed and humiliated. Steve has engaged in a form of ____ aggression.

Accepted Answer

Steve's behavior towards Jason is clearly intended to harm and humiliate him, making it an example of hostile aggression.

Question 11

Cody is riding the bus with his classmates, when he sees that Justin is playing with a cool toy. Cody moves to the seat next to Justin, pushes him roughly, and takes the toy away. It is not until a bus monitor hears Justin crying that the toy is returned and Cody is punished. What type of aggression has Cody demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

Cody's aggression was intentional and goal-directed, as he pushed Justin and took the toy away. This type of aggression is called instrumental aggression, where the aggressor aims to obtain a specific goal, in this case, getting the cool toy. Relational aggression involves damaging someone's social status, such as spreading rumors or withholding friendship. Egalitarian aggression involves seeking equality or dominance, such as in certain types of play or games. Narrow aggression is not a recognized category of aggression.

Question 12

Randy is a seven-year-old who exhibits a high degree of hostile aggression. What is he most likely to be like when he is in high school?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children who exhibit high levels of hostile aggression at a young age are more likely to continue to display aggressive behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Therefore, it is likely that Randy will continue to be more aggressive than his same-age peers in high school.

Question 13

The most striking similarity between the effects on children of watching television and the effects on children of playing video games is that

Accepted Answer

Both watching television and playing video games can have negative effects on children if the content they are exposed to is violent or inappropriate. The content of what is watched or played has a significant impact on the ultimate outcome. However, it is important to note that not all content is harmful and there can be positive effects on children if they are exposed to educational or stimulating content.

Question 14

Why is it that the potential prosocial benefits of watching television are outweighed by the negative consequences?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that while there are potential prosocial benefits to watching television, such as exposure to diverse perspectives and increased empathy, these benefits are often outweighed by the negative consequences, such as increased aggression and desensitization to violence. Additionally, prosocial behavior is seen far less frequently than aggressive behavior on television, and children may be more likely to imitate negative behaviors they see on screen.

Question 15

Surprisingly, research has found that some children who are chronic victims of aggression or bullying by peers tend to have higher levels of _____ themselves.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children who are victims of bullying or aggression may develop aggressive behavior themselves as a way to cope with their victimization.

Question 16

If you were advising a friend on the benefits or harms of allowing her young children to watch television, you would be most correct if you informed her that the most important factor in this question is

Accepted Answer

The content of the programs that children watch is the most important factor in determining the benefits or harms of allowing young children to watch television. Programs that are educational or age-appropriate can have positive cognitive and social effects, while those that contain violence or adult themes can have negative effects on behavior and development. The other factors listed (number of hours, number of programs, and multitasking while watching) can also have an impact, but they are secondary to the content of the programs.

Question 17

There have recently been several high-profile cases of 'cyber-bullying,' where adolescents used social networking websites to torment a peer. In one instance, the bullies called a young girl names, interrupted her friendships with other classmates, and led her to feel very depressed and isolated. Which of the following is the type of aggression that was used in these cases?

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves using relationships and social manipulation to harm others, such as spreading rumors, excluding others, or disrupting friendships. In the given situation, the bullies used social networking websites to interrupt the victim's relationships with other classmates and make her feel isolated, which is a form of relational aggression. Vigilant aggression involves being on guard against perceived threats and being quick to use aggression in response, while instrumental aggression involves using aggression as a means to achieve a goal. Peer-delimited aggression is not a recognized type of aggression.

Question 18

____ aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive actions to achieve an explicit goal.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental aggression involves using aggressive behavior to achieve a goal or obtain an object. This type of aggression is not intended to harm others or cause injury, but instead is driven by the desire to obtain something specific. Relational aggression involves using social relationships to hurt others, whereas utilitarian aggression involves harming others to achieve a higher goal or principle. Narrow aggression is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 19

Casey is a chronic victim of bullies. What is one way research suggests to decrease the likelihood that Casey will continue to be victimized?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that having a larger social network and more friends can decrease the likelihood of being victimized by bullies. This is because having more friends provides a support system and makes it less likely that a particular individual will become a target for bullies. Option B is not recommended as increasing aggressive behavior is likely to escalate the situation and increase the risk of violence. Option C may be helpful in managing the emotional impact of bullying, but it does not address the root of the problem. Option D is not a viable solution as time-outs are typically used as a punishment for misbehavior and have no relevance to the issue of bullying.

Question 20

Communicating with friends through social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter promotes _____ which produces high-quality friendships.

Accepted Answer

Self-disclosure refers to sharing personal information with others. When friends communicate through social networking sites, they are more likely to engage in self-disclosure, which facilitates the development of high-quality friendships. This fosters greater intimacy and trust between friends, leading to better communication and overall relationship satisfaction.

Quiz 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood.