Question 1

Explain what Nietzsche means when he says, "A new order of philosophers is appearing; I shall venture to baptize them by a name not without danger. As far as I understand them, as far as they allow themselves to be understood-for it is their nature to wish to remain something of a puzzle-these philosophers of the future might rightly, perhaps also wrongly, claim to be designated as tempters."

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

According to Huxley, "The science of ________ professes to furnish us with a reasoned rule of life; to tell us what is right action and why it is so."
A) the law
B) history
C) mankind
D) ethics

Accepted Answer

The quote is referring to ethics, which is the science that deals with moral principles and values. It attempts to answer questions about what is good and bad, right and wrong, and how we should behave in certain situations.

Question 3

According to Huxley, "Whatever differences of opinion may exist among experts there is a general consensus that the ape and tiger methods of the struggle for existence are not reconcilable with ..."
A) the theory of evolution.
B) sound ethical principles.
C) metaphysics.
D) epistemology.

Accepted Answer

Huxley is referring to the ethical implications of using violent or aggressive methods in the struggle for existence. He argues that such methods are not reconcilable with sound ethical principles, which suggests that option B is the correct choice. Option A (the theory of evolution) is relevant to the discussion, but not directly addressed by the quote. Options C and D (metaphysics and epistemology) are not mentioned at all.

Question 4

According to Huxley, "To the struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things into harmony with the ..."
A) moral sense of man.
B) entire cosmos.
C) the rationality of history.
D) the economics of existence.

Accepted Answer

Huxley believed in the importance of aligning the external world with the internal moral compass of humanity, suggesting that after securing basic survival, humans strive to understand life in a way that resonates with their innate sense of right and wrong.

Question 5

According to Huxley, "This observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the name of __________, while the contrary was called __________."
A) reason; unreason
B) stimulus; response
C) justice; injustice
D) positive; negative

Accepted Answer

Huxley explains that the observance of a common understanding and distribution of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules is called justice, while the contrary (not following accepted rules) is called injustice. Therefore, option C, justice and injustice, is the best choice.

Question 6

According to Huxley, "The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to desert; or, in other words, according to ..."
A) laws.
B) religion.
C) anthropology.
D) motive.

Accepted Answer

Huxley is stating that the concept of justice evolved from a focus on punishing or rewarding specific actions to punishing or rewarding based on one's intentions or motives, which are related to the concept of desert. Therefore, the best choice for the missing phrase is "motive."

Question 7

According to Huxley, "There is another fallacy which appears to me to pervade the so-called 'ethics of evolution.' It is the notion that because, on the whole, animals and plants have advanced in perfection of organization by means of the struggle for existence and the consequent 'survival of the fittest'; therefore men in society, men as _______________, must look to the same process to help them towards perfection."
A) organizations
B) ethical beings
C) rational beings
D) atypical objects

Accepted Answer

Huxley is specifically referring to the "ethics of evolution" and their application to humans in society. Therefore, the most appropriate choice is "ethical beings." The other options are either too general (organizations) or unrelated (atypical objects).

Question 8

According to Huxley, "Social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another, which may be called the ________________; the end of which is not the survival of those who may happen to be the fittest, in respect of the whole of the conditions which obtain, but of those who are ethically the best."
A) normal process
B) stoical process
C) ethical process
D) science process

Accepted Answer

Huxley believes that social progress should involve substituting the ethical process for the cosmic process, which prioritizes the survival of the fittest based on physical and environmental factors. The ethical process focuses on the well-being and character of individuals, rather than just their physical fitness, and aims to promote the success of those who are morally superior rather than just the strongest or luckiest. Therefore, the substitution of the ethical process for the cosmic process is the best answer.

Question 9

Huxley says, "Let us understand, once for all, that the ethical progress of society depends, not on imitating the _______________, still less in running away from it, but in combating it."
A) cosmic process
B) historiography
C) sanctioned era
D) synchronicity

Accepted Answer

In the context of Huxley's statement, the term "it" refers to the negative aspects of society, such as greed, oppression, and injustice. Huxley is arguing that progress cannot be made by simply imitating or mimicking the negative values and behaviors of society, nor by completely rejecting and avoiding them. Rather, progress can only be achieved by actively combating and confronting these negative elements, and working towards a more ethical and just society. The other options (B, C, and D) do not fit the context or meaning of Huxley's statement.

Question 10

According to Huxley, "The science of ethics professes to furnish us with a reasoned rule of life; to tell us what is right action and why it is so."

Accepted Answer

This is a direct quote from Huxley's book "Evolution and Ethics" where he discusses the purpose of ethics and its role in guiding human behavior.

Question 11

According to Huxley, "Whatever differences of opinion may exist among experts there is a general consensus that the ape and tiger methods of the struggle for existence are not reconcilable with metaphysics."

Accepted Answer

Huxley did not make this statement about the reconciliation of the ape and tiger methods with metaphysics. His discussions often revolved around evolutionary theory, science, and occasionally ethics, but this specific quote does not accurately reflect his views or writings.

Question 12

According to Huxley, "To the struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things into harmony with the moral sense of man."

Accepted Answer

Huxley believed that the struggle for bare existence never ends, but that humans also have a desire to make sense of their existence and bring order to the world in a way that aligns with moral values.

Question 13

According to Huxley, "This observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the name of stimulus, while the contrary was called response."

Accepted Answer

According to Huxley, "This observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the name of response, while the contrary was called stimulus."

Question 14

According to Huxley, "The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to desert; or, in other words, according to motive."

Accepted Answer

This statement is true as it is a direct quote from Aldous Huxley's book, "Ends and Means: An Inquiry into the Nature of Ideals and into the Methods Employed for their Realization".

Question 15

According to Huxley, "There is another fallacy which appears to me to pervade the so-called 'ethics of evolution.' It is the notion that because, on the whole, animals and plants have advanced in perfection of organization by means of the struggle for existence and the consequent 'survival of the fittest'; therefore men in society, men as ethical beings, must look to the same process to help them towards perfection."

Accepted Answer

Huxley argues that the idea that human ethics should also rely on the struggle for existence and survival of the fittest is a fallacy that pervades the "ethics of evolution."

Question 16

According to Huxley, "Social progress means a checking of the cosmic process at every step and the substitution for it of another, which may be called the ethical process; the end of which is not the survival of those who may happen to be the fittest, in respect of the whole of the conditions which obtain, but of those who are ethically the best."

Accepted Answer

This quote from Huxley expresses his belief that social progress should prioritize ethical considerations over a strictly Darwinian approach of survival of the fittest.

Question 17

Huxley says, "Let us understand, once for all, that the ethical progress of society depends, not on imitating the synchronicity, still less in running away from it, but in combating it."

Accepted Answer

The quote is not accurately attributed to Huxley and misrepresents his views on ethical progress, which do not specifically mention "synchronicity" or the context provided.

Question 18

Explain what Huxley means when he says, "Cosmic evolution may teach us how the good and the evil tendencies of man may have come about; but, in itself, it is incompetent to furnish any better reason why what we call good is preferable to what we call evil than we had before."

Accepted Answer

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Question 19

Explain what Huxley means when he says, "Thousands upon thousands of our fellows, thousands of years ago, have preceded us in finding themselves face to face with the same dread problem of evil. They also have seen that the cosmic process is evolution; that it is full of wonder, full of beauty, and, at the same time, full of pain. They have sought to discover the bearing of these great facts on ethics; to find out whether there is, or is not, a sanction for morality in the ways of the cosmos."

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Explain what Huxley means when he says, "It is from neglect of these plain considerations that the fanatical individualism of our time attempts to apply the analogy of cosmic nature to society. Once more we have a misapplication of the stoical injunction to follow nature; the duties of the individual to the state are forgotten, and his tendencies to self-assertion are dignified by the name of rights."

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 7: Plato Why Should We Be Good

According to Huxley, "The science of ________ professes to furnish us with a reasoned rule of life; to tell us what is right action and why it is so."

According to Huxley, "Whatever differences of opinion may exist among experts there is a general consensus that the ape and tiger methods of the struggle for existence are not reconcilable with ..."

According to Huxley, "To the struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things into harmony with the ..."

According to Huxley, "This observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the name of , while the contrary was called ."

According to Huxley, "The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to desert; or, in other words, according to ..."

Huxley says, "Let us understand, once for all, that the ethical progress of society depends, not on imitating the _______________, still less in running away from it, but in combating it."

According to Huxley, "The science of ethics professes to furnish us with a reasoned rule of life; to tell us what is right action and why it is so."

According to Huxley, "Whatever differences of opinion may exist among experts there is a general consensus that the ape and tiger methods of the struggle for existence are not reconcilable with metaphysics."

According to Huxley, "To the struggle for bare existence, which never ends, though it may be alleviated and partially disguised for a fortunate few, succeeded the struggle to make existence intelligible and to bring the order of things into harmony with the moral sense of man."

According to Huxley, "This observance of a common understanding, with the consequent distribution of punishments and rewards according to accepted rules, received the name of stimulus, while the contrary was called response."

According to Huxley, "The idea of justice thus underwent a gradual sublimation from punishment and reward according to acts, to punishment and reward according to desert; or, in other words, according to motive."

Huxley says, "Let us understand, once for all, that the ethical progress of society depends, not on imitating the synchronicity, still less in running away from it, but in combating it."

Explain what Huxley means when he says, "Cosmic evolution may teach us how the good and the evil tendencies of man may have come about; but, in itself, it is incompetent to furnish any better reason why what we call good is preferable to what we call evil than we had before."