Question 1

For Peirce, if a person goes through life "systematically keeping out of view all that might cause a change in his opinions" uses the method of fixing belief called the method of authority.

Accepted Answer

Peirce describes the method of tenacity, not the method of authority, as the approach where a person systematically avoids encountering anything that might cause them to doubt or change their beliefs. The method of authority involves fixing belief through the imposition of societal norms or laws, often enforced by an institution or leader.

Question 2

Peirce claims that throughout history one of the chief means of upholding theological and political doctrines has been the use of the method of fixing belief called the method of creation.

Accepted Answer

Peirce claims that one of the chief means of upholding theological and political doctrines has been the method of authority, not the method of creation.

Question 3

Peirce says, "There are real things, whose characters are entirely independent of our opinions about them; those realities affect our senses according to regular laws, and, though our sensations are as different as are our relations to the objects, yet, by taking advantage of the laws of perception, we can ascertain by reasoning how things really and truly are, and any man, if he have sufficient experience and reason enough about it, will be led to the one true conclusion." By following this, we are using the method of science.

Accepted Answer

Peirce's statement aligns with the scientific method, which aims to understand the objective reality independent of personal opinions or biases. Through systematic observation, measurement, and logical reasoning, science strives to arrive at the one true conclusion about the natural world.

Question 4

Peirce tells us "that bad reasoning as well as good reasoning is possible; and this fact is the foundation of the belief in superstitions."

Accepted Answer

The answer of Peirce tells us "that bad reasoning as...

Question 5

Peirce says, "The person who confesses that there is such a thing as truth, which is distinguished from falsehood simply by this, that if acted on it should, on full consideration, carry us to the point we aim at and not astray."

Accepted Answer

Peirce believes that there is such a thing as truth that is distinguished from falsehood because truth, when acted on, should lead us to the desired outcome without steering us off course.

Question 6

Explain what Peirce means when he claims that few persons care to study logic.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain what Peirce means when he claims...

Question 7

Why does Peirce say that the sole object of inquiry is the settlement of opinion?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why does Peirce say that the sole...

Question 8

Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of fixing belief called the method of science.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of...

Question 9

Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of fixing belief called the method of tenacity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of...

Question 10

Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of fixing belief called the method of authority.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of...

Question 11

According to Longino, if someone interprets the question, Can There Be a Feminist Science? as being factual, one to be answered by pointing to what feminists in the sciences are doing and saying, Yes, and this is what it is, then such a response can be perceived as ...

Accepted Answer

Longino argues that interpreting the question in such a way is question-begging and assumes that there is already a fixed definition of what "feminist science" is, rather than engaging in a critical examination of the intersections of gender and science.

Question 12

Longino suggests that "we focus on science as practice rather than content, as process rather than product, hence, not on feminist science, but on doing science ..."

Accepted Answer

Longino's perspective emphasizes the importance of incorporating feminist principles into the practice of science, suggesting a shift towards doing science with a feminist approach rather than focusing solely on the content or outcomes of scientific research.

Question 13

The idea that scientific methodology guarantees the independence of scientific inquiry from values of value-related considerations is called ...

Accepted Answer

The idea that scientific methodology guarantees the independence of scientific inquiry from values or value-related considerations is called value-free science.

Question 14

Longino calls the values that are internal to the sciences, the source of the rules determining what constitutes acceptable scientific practice or scientific method, ...

Accepted Answer

Longino refers to these values as "constitutive values" because they are essential and foundational to the scientific enterprise.

Question 15

Longino calls the values that are personal, social, and cultural, those group or individual preferences about what ought to be, ...

Accepted Answer

Contextual values are those that are personal, social, and cultural, reflecting group or individual preferences about what ought to be. These values are shaped by the context in which individuals or groups find themselves.

Question 16

If the thesis that a theory is always underdetermined by the evidence adduced in its support, then a consequence of this is that ...

Accepted Answer

If a theory is always underdetermined by the evidence, then it is possible for different or even incompatible theories to be supported by the same body of evidence. This means that there is no necessary incompatibility between different scientific theories, which supports choice B. Choices A and D are incorrect because they are too extreme and don't follow from the underdetermination thesis. Choice C is also incorrect because it is too strong - some scientific theories may be fully compatible with all possible evidence.

Question 17

Longino explains that ___________ statements contain, as fundamental descriptive terms, terms that do not occur in the description of data.

Accepted Answer

Longino is discussing the distinction between theoretical and observational statements. Theoretical statements involve descriptive terms that do not occur in the description of data, while observational statements only use terms that are directly tied to empirical observations. Therefore, A (theoretical) is the correct answer. The other answer choices (B, observational; C, notational; D, contingent) are not directly relevant to Longino's discussion.

Question 18

As Longino points out, "one can't give an _______ specification of confirmation that effectively eliminates the role of value-laden assumptions in legitimate scientific inquiry without eliminating auxiliary hypotheses (assumptions) altogether."

Accepted Answer

The statement is suggesting that it is impossible to completely eliminate value-laden assumptions in legitimate scientific inquiry without eliminating auxiliary hypotheses altogether. An a priori specification of confirmation refers to a method of reasoning or knowledge that is independent of experience or observation. This choice aligns with the statement since it suggests that complete elimination of value-laden assumptions can't be achieved through a purely theoretical or deductive approach. Choices B, C, and D are not directly related to the statement.

Question 19

Longino claims that "constitutive values conceived as epistemological (i.e., truth-seeking) are not adequate to screen out the influence of contextual values in the very structuring of ..."

Accepted Answer

Longino argues that epistemological values alone cannot prevent contextual values from influencing the structuring of scientific knowledge.

Question 20

Longino advocates a research program in neuroscience and psychology proceeding on the assumption that humans do possess the capacities for ...

Accepted Answer

Longino advocates for a research program that assumes humans possess the capacities for self-consciousness, self-reflection, and self-determination. She argues that this assumption is necessary for research that seeks to understand human behavior and cognition.

Quiz 2: Plato Knowledge Is Recollection

For Peirce, if a person goes through life "systematically keeping out of view all that might cause a change in his opinions" uses the method of fixing belief called the method of authority.

Peirce claims that throughout history one of the chief means of upholding theological and political doctrines has been the use of the method of fixing belief called the method of creation.

Peirce tells us "that bad reasoning as well as good reasoning is possible; and this fact is the foundation of the belief in superstitions."

Peirce says, "The person who confesses that there is such a thing as truth, which is distinguished from falsehood simply by this, that if acted on it should, on full consideration, carry us to the point we aim at and not astray."

Explain what Peirce means when he claims that few persons care to study logic.

Why does Peirce say that the sole object of inquiry is the settlement of opinion?

Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of fixing belief called the method of science.

Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of fixing belief called the method of tenacity.

Explain Peirce's ideas regarding the method of fixing belief called the method of authority.

According to Longino, if someone interprets the question, Can There Be a Feminist Science? as being factual, one to be answered by pointing to what feminists in the sciences are doing and saying, Yes, and this is what it is, then such a response can be perceived as ...

Longino suggests that "we focus on science as practice rather than content, as process rather than product, hence, not on feminist science, but on doing science ..."

The idea that scientific methodology guarantees the independence of scientific inquiry from values of value-related considerations is called ...

Longino calls the values that are internal to the sciences, the source of the rules determining what constitutes acceptable scientific practice or scientific method, ...

Longino calls the values that are personal, social, and cultural, those group or individual preferences about what ought to be, ...

If the thesis that a theory is always underdetermined by the evidence adduced in its support, then a consequence of this is that ...

Longino explains that ___________ statements contain, as fundamental descriptive terms, terms that do not occur in the description of data.

As Longino points out, "one can't give an _______ specification of confirmation that effectively eliminates the role of value-laden assumptions in legitimate scientific inquiry without eliminating auxiliary hypotheses (assumptions) altogether."

Longino claims that "constitutive values conceived as epistemological (i.e., truth-seeking) are not adequate to screen out the influence of contextual values in the very structuring of ..."

Longino advocates a research program in neuroscience and psychology proceeding on the assumption that humans do possess the capacities for ...