"Walk-ons" like Stephen Duckett and Joe Hughes, members of the men's basketball program at Xavier University, exemplify the efforts of those NCAA Division I and II student athletes who neither start nor even receive much, if any, playing time, and receive no athletically related financial aid for their efforts. These players are achieving social benefits from being part of a high-performing team, and both are achieving esteem by gaining the sense of respect first from their coaches, teammates and fans, which in turn trigger self-respect. This is a specific example of which of the following performance motivation theories?

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The description of the "walk-ons" achieving social benefits and self-esteem aligns with the tenets of Needs theory, which suggests that people are motivated by a desire to fulfill basic psychological and physiological needs, including the need for social belonging and esteem. Expectancy theory suggests that motivation is driven by a belief in the likelihood of achieving desired outcomes based on effort and ability, while Goal theory emphasizes the importance of setting and striving towards specific goals. Reinforcement theory focuses on how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments.

"Walk-Ons" Like Stephen Duckett and Joe Hughes, Members of the Men's