When a paradoxical intervention is presented to a client, the presence of two contradictory statements, combined with an element of truth, can produce ______________.

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Paradoxical interventions are designed to create second-order change, which involves a fundamental shift in the client's perspective or way of relating to the issue. The contradictory statements and element of truth are intended to provoke the client into considering a different way of looking at the problem, ultimately leading to a transformation in the client's behavior or beliefs. Frustration and bewilderment may be initial reactions to the intervention, but they are not the ultimate goal. First-order change refers to superficial or temporary behavior modification, which paradoxical interventions are not typically designed to achieve.

When a Paradoxical Intervention Is Presented to a Client, the Presence