Question 1

Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a toy sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

Hannah's ability to find the toy sheep by coordinating two schemes, "pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the sheep, demonstrates object permanence and the coordination of secondary schemes, which typically emerges around 8 to 12 months of age, fitting within Piaget's sensorimotor stage.

Question 2

Apart from direct contact with the environment, schemes also change through __________.

Accepted Answer

Schemes can change through organization, which refers to the ways in which children restructure their knowledge and experiences to create new schemes or modify existing ones. Circularity and deferred imitation are processes related to development, but they do not directly change schemes. Heredity also does not directly affect scheme development.

Question 3

Through the secondary circular reaction, babies __________.

Accepted Answer

Through the secondary circular reaction, babies repeat interesting events in the surrounding environment that are caused by their own actions. This is a deliberate exploration of the environment and helps them learn cause and effect relationships.

Question 4

Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was __________ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.

Accepted Answer

Olivia is assimilating the act of dropping objects into her existing sensorimotor scheme. This means she is using her existing knowledge and understanding of how to interact with objects to incorporate the act of dropping into that understanding.

Question 5

Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development was largely based on his detailed observations of his own three children's development.

Question 6

In Piaget's Substage __________, 8- to 12-month-olds can engage in intentional, or goal-directed, behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Piaget's Substage __________, 8- to 12-month-olds...

Question 7

According to Piaget, adaptation involves __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Piaget, adaptation involves __________.
...

Question 8

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers learn through their senses and actions, often using their hands, eyes, and ears to explore and understand the world around them. This is known as sensorimotor intelligence.

Question 9

Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex period of development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex...

Question 10

When children are not changing much cognitively, they __________ more than they __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children assimilate information by incorporating it into their existing mental structures, or schemas. When they encounter new information that does not fit with their current schemas, they accommodate by modifying their schemas to fit the new information. However, during periods when children are not experiencing significant cognitive growth, they are more likely to assimilate new information into their existing schemas rather than accommodating and changing their schemas. Therefore, option C, which states that children assimilate more than they accommodate during periods of limited cognitive change, is the best choice.

Question 11

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently, and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

Accommodation is the process of modifying existing schemes to fit new situations or experiences. In this scenario, Laura modifies her dropping scheme by dropping different objects with varying forces, indicating that she is adapting her existing scheme to fit new experiences. Equilibrium refers to a state of balance between existing schemes and new experiences, while organization refers to the process of grouping objects and experiences into categories based on shared characteristics. Assimilation is the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemes rather than modifying the schemes.

Question 12

Six-month-old Eva dropped her teething ring in a fairly rigid way, simply letting go and watching it with interest. This example demonstrates Piaget's belief that at first, schemes are __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that at the sensorimotor stage, infants develop schemes through sensorimotor action patterns such as dropping objects, shaking them, and exploring them with their hands and mouth. This is an example of a sensorimotor action pattern.

Question 13

Baby Arshleen accidentally made a smacking sound after feeding. Then she tried to repeat it many times. Based on this activity, Arshleen was in Substage __________ of Piaget's sensorimotor substages.

Accepted Answer

In Piaget's sensorimotor stages, the second substage occurs between 1-4 months and is characterized by the repetition of actions that initially occurred by chance, such as making a smacking sound after a feeding. This is called the primary circular reaction stage, which suggests that Arshleen was in Substage 2.

Question 14

During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________.

Accepted Answer

During times of rapid cognitive change, children experience a state of disequilibrium where their current understanding is challenged by new and unfamiliar experiences, leading them to adjust their schemas (mental frameworks) in order to restore equilibrium. This process of accommodation, where they modify their existing schemas or create new ones, is necessary for their cognitive growth and development. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 15

The circular reaction initially centers on __________.

Accepted Answer

The circular reaction, which is the repetition of a behavior to achieve a desired outcome, initially centers on the infant's own motor activity. This means that the infant is learning through trial and error, coordinating their own movements to achieve a specific goal, such as grasping a toy or reaching for an object. Over time, this circular reaction expands to include interactions with the environment and other people.

Question 16

Baby Andrew accidentally kicked his mobile, producing music. Andrew then repeatedly kicked his leg to repeat the effect, gradually forming a new kicking scheme. Andrew was in which of Piaget's sensorimotor substages?

Accepted Answer

Baby Andrew's ability to repeatedly kick his leg to produce the same effect demonstrates the development of intentional behavior and goal-directed actions, which occurs in Piaget's third sensorimotor substage (4-8 months).

Question 17

In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, __________.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory, the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium results in the child adapting to new experiences and producing more effective schemes. This process is essential for cognitive development. Therefore, the correct answer is D: more effective schemes are produced.

Question 18

According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is __________.

Accepted Answer

According to cognitive-developmental theory, a scheme is an organized way of making sense of experience. Schemes are mental frameworks that help individuals categorize and interpret information from their environment. They develop over time as individuals interact with their surroundings and build on their previous experiences.

Question 19

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard. Avery's ability to retrieve the ball when it is hidden under a blanket indicates that he has developed object permanence.

Question 20

A __________ is a means of building schemes in which an infant who has stumbled onto a new experience caused by his or her own motor activity tries to repeat the event again and again.

Accepted Answer

The described method of building schemes is called circular reaction, which involves the infant's repetition of a specific motor activity that resulted in a new experience. The other options do not specifically describe this process. A sensorimotor reflex is an automatic response to a specific stimulus. Mental representation refers to the ability to form internal models of external objects or events, and goal-directed behavior involves intentionally seeking out specific outcomes or goals.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood