Question 1

The Discussion Topics at the end of the chapter can easily be adapted for different essay assignments. For example:
o Using some of the IPE concepts and tools, explain 4-5 ways in which the topics of global health and refugees intersect. Explain some of the ways in which one topic helps "reimagine" the other.
o Choose one of the chapter's four case studies of refugees and outline some of the political-economic issues that each of the four IPE perspectives would highlight in that case.
o When considering solutions for the physical and mental health problems of refugees or migrants in general, do you think that the developed nations should provide more or less food and foreign aid to developing nations?
o Which of the chapter's 14 policy recommendations for refugees do you like the most? Explain using examples from the reading.

Accepted Answer

The Discussion Topics at the end of the chapter can indeed be adapted for different essay assignments. Here are some possible approaches to the questions posed:

1. Using IPE concepts and tools to explain the intersection of global health and refugees:
   - One way in which global health and refugees intersect is through the spread of infectious diseases. Refugees often come from areas with limited access to healthcare and may bring diseases with them, posing a public health risk in their host countries. This intersection highlights the need for global cooperation and coordination in addressing health issues.
   - Another intersection is the impact of displacement on mental health. Refugees often experience trauma and stress due to their displacement, which can have long-term effects on their mental well-being. This intersection emphasizes the importance of addressing mental health as a crucial aspect of refugee assistance and support.

2. Outlining political-economic issues in the case studies of refugees from the perspective of IPE:
   - From a liberal perspective, the focus would be on promoting free trade and economic development to address the root causes of refugee crises. This perspective would highlight the need for economic opportunities and investment in the countries of origin to prevent mass displacement.
   - A realist perspective would emphasize power dynamics and geopolitical interests in the refugee crisis, highlighting issues such as resource competition and security concerns.
   - A Marxist perspective would focus on the role of capitalism and exploitation in driving refugee flows, highlighting issues such as economic inequality and labor exploitation.
   - A feminist perspective would highlight the gendered dimensions of refugee experiences, emphasizing issues such as women's economic empowerment and access to resources.

3. Considering solutions for the physical and mental health problems of refugees:
   - When it comes to providing food and foreign aid to developing nations hosting refugees, the approach should be based on the specific needs and capacities of each country. Developed nations should work with local governments and organizations to ensure that aid is targeted and sustainable, rather than simply providing more or less aid based on arbitrary measures.

4. Policy recommendations for refugees:
   - One of the chapter's policy recommendations that stands out is the emphasis on empowering refugees through education and skills training. This recommendation recognizes the long-term benefits of investing in refugees' human capital, as it not only improves their well-being but also contributes to the development of their host countries. For example, the case study of Syrian refugees in Jordan highlighted the positive impact of vocational training programs in enhancing refugees' economic opportunities and integration.

Overall, the Discussion Topics at the end of the chapter provide a rich framework for exploring the complex intersections of global health, refugees, and political-economic issues, and for considering practical policy recommendations for addressing these challenges.

Question 2

Compare and contrast "horizontal" and "vertical" approached to global health. What arguments do proponents of each approach make? Which counties and organizations tend to favor which approach, and why?

Accepted Answer

The "horizontal" and "vertical" approaches to global health represent two different strategies for addressing health issues on a global scale. The horizontal approach focuses on strengthening health systems and addressing underlying social, economic, and environmental determinants of health. This approach emphasizes building infrastructure, training healthcare workers, and improving access to basic healthcare services. Proponents of the horizontal approach argue that it is more sustainable in the long term and can lead to overall improvements in population health.

On the other hand, the vertical approach targets specific diseases or health issues with targeted interventions. This approach often involves disease-specific programs, such as vaccination campaigns or treatment initiatives for a particular disease. Proponents of the vertical approach argue that it can lead to more immediate and targeted impact on specific health issues.

Countries and organizations tend to favor one approach over the other based on their priorities and resources. Many low- and middle-income countries, as well as organizations such as the World Health Organization and the Gates Foundation, tend to favor the horizontal approach. They argue that strengthening health systems and addressing underlying determinants of health is essential for sustainable improvements in population health. On the other hand, some countries and organizations may prioritize the vertical approach for specific health issues, such as HIV/AIDS or malaria, where targeted interventions can have a significant impact in a shorter time frame.

In reality, both approaches have their merits, and a combination of both may be necessary to address the complex challenges of global health. It is important to consider the specific context and needs of each country or region when determining the most effective approach to improving global health.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the concept of "global health" is least accurate?

Accepted Answer

While philanthropy may be a part of efforts to address global health issues, it is not a defining feature of the concept. The other options are accurate descriptions of the concept of global health.

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the theses of the chapter?

Accepted Answer

Thesis B states that the UNHCR is the best international organization to provide humanitarian assistance to migrants and refugees. This is the only thesis that does not directly relate to the causes or solutions to migration and displacement.

Question 5

People who leave their country in search of a job or economic opportunities are called

Accepted Answer

The answer of People who leave their country in search...

Question 6

The UNHCR estimates that by the end of 2016 there were ____ million displaced people in the world.

Accepted Answer

By the end of 2016, the UNHCR estimated that there were approximately 65 million displaced people worldwide, due to factors such as war, persecution, and conflict.

Question 7

Which region of the world had the largest number of internally displaced people (IDPs) at the end of 2016?

Accepted Answer

The Middle East had the largest number of internally displaced people (IDPs) at the end of 2016, largely due to ongoing conflicts in countries such as Syria and Iraq.

Question 8

The financial aid that state and multilateral development agencies give to low- and medium-income countries for health promotion is commonly referred to as?

Accepted Answer

DAH stands for Development Assistance for Health, which is the financial aid that state and multilateral development agencies provide to low- and medium-income countries for health promotion. Food for Peace is a specific program that provides food assistance, WHO is a global health organization, and CARE is an international humanitarian organization.

Question 9

Which of the following is an NGO in Syria that rescues people from bombed buildings and fighting?

Accepted Answer

The White Helmets is a volunteer organization in Syria that rescues people from bombed buildings and fighting. MSF (A) is Médecins Sans Frontières, an international medical humanitarian organization. ICRC (B) is the International Committee of the Red Cross, a humanitarian organization that provides assistance during armed conflicts and promotes international humanitarian law. UNHCR (C) is the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, an organization that provides protection and assistance to refugees and asylum-seekers.

Question 10

Which of the following countries has some of the most generous resettlements policies in Africa?

Accepted Answer

Uganda has been recognized as having some of the most generous resettlement policies in Africa, particularly in regards to refugees. The country follows an open-door policy which allows refugees to settle in any part of the country they choose, access public services, and have the right to work and own property. Uganda also grants citizenship to some long-term refugees, providing a pathway to permanent settlement and integration.

Question 11

Since 2012 Australian officials have held hundreds of male migrants and asylum seekers on this island for up to four years while they waited for judicial proceedings to determine where they will go.

Accepted Answer

Manus Island in Papua New Guinea was used by Australian officials to detain male migrants and asylum seekers while their cases were processed.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the Rohingya situation in Burma is false?

Accepted Answer

Bangladesh has not allowed the Rohingya to become Bangladeshi citizens, instead they have been given temporary shelter as refugees. The rest of the statements are true.

Question 13

Who popularized the argument that over-bureaucratized, inefficient, and sometimes corrupt IOs and NGOs often do little to help countries develop?

Accepted Answer

William Easterly is known for popularizing the argument that over-bureaucratized, inefficient, and sometimes corrupt IOs and NGOs often do little to help countries develop.

Question 14

Which noted expert below is most closely associated with the idea of "accompaniment"?

Accepted Answer

Paul Farmer, a medical anthropologist and physician, is closely associated with the notion of "accompaniment," which refers to the idea of working alongside and in solidarity with marginalized communities to address their health and social needs. Farmer has written extensively on this topic, particularly in the context of his work with Partners In Health, a global health organization that seeks to provide comprehensive care to poor and underserved populations.

Question 15

The ideas related to the "Food First" movement are attributed to:

Accepted Answer

The "Food First" movement, also known as the "Food for People" movement, is attributed to Joseph Collins and Frances Moore Lappé, who founded the Institute for Food and Development Policy in 1975. They argued that hunger is not caused by a lack of food production, but rather by poverty, inequality, and political systems that prioritize profits over people's needs. They advocated for a shift towards more sustainable and equitable food systems, and their ideas continue to inspire food justice movements today. Garrett Hardin is known for his work on the tragedy of the commons, Jeffrey Sachs is an economist and advocate for sustainable development, and Bill Gates is a philanthropist focusing on global health and poverty alleviation.

Question 16

Which of the following statements related to "lifeboat ethics" is false?

Accepted Answer

The statement that Bill and Melinda Gates subscribe to lifeboat ethics more than any other idea when it comes to dealing with international hunger and medical issues is false. The Gates Foundation, headed by Bill and Melinda Gates, has been a major donor to global health and development causes and has advocated for increasing aid to combat poverty and hunger in developing nations. Therefore, statement D is false.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about either "food security" or "food sovereignty" is false or incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Food security focuses on the availability, access, and utilization of food, ensuring that all people have the necessary resources to obtain a nutritious diet. Food sovereignty, described in choice B, emphasizes the right to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and the right of peoples to define their own food and agriculture systems.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about food and hunger is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of the world's population that is malnourished did decrease significantly. However, the absolute number of people experiencing chronic hunger also decreased significantly during that timeframe, not increased slightly.

Question 19

Which of the following countries gives the most foreign aid (official development assistance) as a percentage of its gross national income?

Accepted Answer

Norway gives the most foreign aid as a percentage of its gross national income, with 1.11% in 2018. The United States, Germany, and Japan give foreign aid at a lower percentage of their gross national income.

Quiz 17: Global Health: Refugees and Caring for the Forgotten