Question 1

Sutherland's theory of differential association is rooted in the assumption that deviant as well as nondeviant behaviors are:

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's theory of differential association posits that all behavior, deviant or non-deviant, is learned through a process of socialization. It emphasizes the influential power of one's social environment in shaping behavior.

Question 2

Symbolic interactionist theories of deviance focus on:

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionist theories of deviance focus on understanding how deviance is learned through social interactions and how the consequences of being labeled deviant can shape one's sense of self. Therefore, both option A (how deviance is learned) and option D (the consequences of being considered deviant) are key focuses of this perspective.

Question 3

Hirschi's social control theory has been extended by social structure and personality researchers to the address the link between:

Accepted Answer

The extension of Hirschi's theory by social structure and personality researchers specifically addresses the link between status characteristics (social structure) and bonds to society (social control). While social control theory does touch on nature vs. nurture influences and the role of self-esteem, these are not the central focus of the theory's extension by social structure and personality researchers. Roles and behavior and structure and biology are not directly addressed by the extension of Hirschi's theory.

Question 4

According to Hirschi's social control theory, the _________________________________, the lower their likelihoods of engaging in delinquent behavior.

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's social control theory states that the stronger an individual's bonds to conventional society, such as family, friends, school, and work, the lower their likelihoods of engaging in delinquent behavior. Therefore, choice D is the best answer as it directly refers to this aspect of the theory.

Question 5

According to Hirschi's social control theory, commitment is high when:

Accepted Answer

Commitment, according to Hirschi's social control theory, refers to the investment individuals have in conforming to societal norms because they have a lot to lose (such as status, future opportunities, and relationships) if they engage in deviant behavior and are caught. This concept emphasizes the cost of deviance in terms of the potential loss of positively valued stimuli.

Question 6

Hirschi's (social control theory) bonds to society include: attachment, commitment, belief, and:

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's social control theory includes four bonds to society: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Investment, loyalty, reciprocity, and remuneration are not part of the theory.

Question 7

Hirschi's social control theory is not itself a structural theory because the cause of deviant behavior is presumed to be:

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's social control theory sees the cause of deviant behavior as being within the individual, and specifically, the lack of social control or ties to conventional society. It does not attribute deviance to biological factors, universal cultural norms, or personal role choices.

Question 8

How does Agnew's general strain theory extend Merton's structural strain theory?

Accepted Answer

Agnew's general strain theory extends Merton's structural strain theory by considering other sources of strain beyond just blocked economic opportunities, such as interpersonal relationships and negative experiences. Additionally, general strain theory focuses on both financially motivated and non-financially motivated crimes.

Question 9

Which of the following concepts explains the relationship between anomie, strain, and crime among middle- and upper-class individuals?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following concepts explains the...

Question 10

Merton's structural strain theory focuses on the relationship between _______________ and crime.

Accepted Answer

Merton's structural strain theory focuses on the relationship between social class and crime. In this theory, Merton argues that individuals from lower social classes may experience strain or pressure when trying to achieve success or upward mobility within society, as they may lack the resources or opportunities to achieve their goals through legitimate means. As a result, they may turn to criminal behavior as a means of achieving their goals or coping with their frustration and strain.

Question 11

In Merton's structural strain theory, strain results from:

Accepted Answer

According to Merton's structural strain theory, strain results from a lack of access to the legitimate means for obtaining economic success. This means that when individuals are unable to attain success through conventional means such as education and employment, they may turn to deviant means in order to achieve their goals.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements is FALSE?
...

Question 13

Why is guilt such a powerful regulator of behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is guilt such a powerful regulator...

Question 14

Informal control operates mainly through:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Informal control operates mainly through:
...

Question 15

Internal control operates mainly through:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Internal control operates mainly through:
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Question 16

Laws:

Accepted Answer

Laws are written norms that are enforced by the state. They carry legal consequences and are considered to be formal forms of control. While norms may also have some influence on behavior, laws carry more weight and are generally viewed as having a more significant impact on social behavior. Laws are considered to be an essential component of maintaining social order and allowing societies to function effectively.

Question 17

Deviance is a social construct. This means that:

Accepted Answer

Deviance is not an inherent characteristic of a behavior, but it is defined by society's reaction to the behavior. What might be deviant in one society might not be in another. Therefore, deviance is socially constructed.

Question 18

The social psychological literature on deviance is interdisciplinary and includes studies by psychologists as well as sociologists.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The social psychological literature on deviance is...

Quiz 9: Deviance and Social Control