Question 1

Negative stereotypes of racial/ethnic minorities, especially African Americans; cultural narratives extolling "White virtues," such as hard work, achievement, superiority, and the ability to overcome adversity and resistance from others; visual and auditory imagery (notions of racial/ethnic differences in appearance and accents); and emotions (e.g., the association of negative feelings, including fear, with racial/ethnic minorities) are all a part of:

Accepted Answer

The described negative stereotypes and cultural narratives are all part of the White racial frame, which is a dominant framework for understanding race in the United States. This frame emphasizes White superiority and reinforces racial hierarchies by portraying people of color as inferior and deserving of their low status. It permeates society and shapes individual and institutional attitudes and actions.

Question 2

In Schnoor's (2006) qualitative analysis of gay Jews living in an urban area, Gay-Jewish Commuters:

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Micro-level interventions focus on the reduction of negative racial attitudes (prejudice at the individual level) or on:

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is B because micro-level interventions focus on disrupting the micro-level social processes through which macro-level racial inequalities are reproduced in specific group settings.

Question 4

Increasing contact between members of different racial/ethnic groups reduces negative racial attitudes. Research suggests that contact explains about _________ of the variation in racial attitudes.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that contact between different racial/ethnic groups accounts for approximately 7% of the variation in racial attitudes.

Question 5

Most of the studies that focus on the effects of contact on racial attitudes (i.e., prejudice at the individual level) are:

Accepted Answer

Most studies that focus on the effects of contact on racial attitudes are experimental, meaning that the researchers manipulate the amount or quality of contact between members of different racial groups and measure the resulting changes in attitudes.

Question 6

Contact is the most effective in reducing prejudice at the individual level when it is combined with:

Accepted Answer

Intergroup cooperation among individuals of equal status has been found to be the most effective way of reducing prejudice at the individual level, especially when combined with contact. This allows people to work together on common goals and can lead to positive relationships and a decrease in negative stereotypes. Pleasant background stimuli or factors that increase physiological arousal and participation in team sports may have some positive effects, but they are not as effective as intergroup cooperation. Belief training and increased economic rewards have limited evidence of effectiveness in reducing prejudice at the individual level.

Question 7

Common-identity interventions involve:

Accepted Answer

Common-identity interventions involve activities that bring groups of equal status together and facilitate interdependent cooperation. This helps to break down barriers and stereotypes between groups and increase positive attitudes towards each other. Examples of common-identity interventions include team-building activities or collaborative projects.

Question 8

Sherif's famous camp studies, discussed in Chapter 12, were one of the first:

Accepted Answer

Sherif's famous camp studies focused on creating a sense of common identity among a group of boys from different backgrounds. This intervention was aimed at reducing intergroup conflict and fostering cooperation among the participants. Therefore, the correct choice is A - common identity interventions.

Question 9

What served as the basis for in-group/out-group divisions in Sherif's camp studies?

Accepted Answer

In Sherif's camp studies, the basis for in-group/out-group divisions was the cabin of residence. The boys at the camp were randomly assigned to cabins and this became the basis for their group identity. Gender, race/ethnicity, and social class were not factors in this particular study.

Question 10

The jigsaw technique is a:

Accepted Answer

The jigsaw technique is a common identity intervention that involves dividing a group into smaller subgroups, each of which is responsible for learning about a different aspect of a topic. The subgroups then come together to share their knowledge with the rest of the group. This technique can help to promote positive identity development by allowing individuals to learn about and appreciate different perspectives.

Question 11

In elementary school classrooms, the Jigsaw Technique has been especially useful in reducing prejudice and discrimination directed toward:

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that the Jigsaw Technique has been effective in reducing prejudice and discrimination directed toward Mexican Americans in elementary school classrooms. The technique involves dividing students into small groups and assigning each group a different part of a larger topic or concept to learn. Students then come back together to teach their part to the rest of the class, encouraging cooperation and cross-cultural understanding.

Question 12

In survey-based studies of race relations, what mediates the effect of equal status, contact, cooperative interdependence, and egalitarian norms on positive racial attitudes among high school students?

Accepted Answer

A common in-group identity mediates the effect of these factors by fostering a sense of unity and reducing perceived differences, leading to more positive racial attitudes.

Question 13

Who argues that inclusive superordinate identities can be primed?

Accepted Answer

Social identity theorists working within the group processes and structures orientation argue that inclusive superordinate identities can be primed.

Question 14

Who studies the processes of interaction through which racial and ethnic identities are constructed?

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionists study the processes of interaction through which racial and ethnic identities are constructed. They focus on how individuals create and maintain their racial and ethnic identities through communication and social interaction.

Question 15

Within social structure and personality, a token is:

Accepted Answer

In social structure and personality, a token is a person who is a numerical minority within a group or organization. This can refer to being one of the few members of a certain race, gender, or other characteristic within the larger group. Tokens may face additional pressures or stereotypes based on their minority status.

Question 16

The White racial frame:

Accepted Answer

The White racial frame is deeply rooted in colonial America, originating from the ideologies and rationalizations that emerged during the colonization period and the establishment of racial hierarchies. This frame has historically shaped perceptions, attitudes, and policies regarding race in the United States.

Question 17

The White racial frame has initiated _____________________________.

Accepted Answer

The White racial frame has initiated a self-fulfilling prophecy at the societal level, where White people believe they are superior and people of color are inferior, leading to a system that reinforces this belief and creates inequality. The other options are not directly caused by the White racial frame.

Question 18

The White racial frame results in a self-fulfilling prophecy at the societal level because the position of racial/ethnic minorities in the stratification hierarchy, which is caused by the White racial frame, is used to:

Accepted Answer

The White racial frame justifies the beliefs and attitudes that perpetuate racial inequalities, reinforcing the existing social hierarchy and discrimination.

Question 19

What counterframe is common among African Americans?

Accepted Answer

The antioppression counterframe is a common counterframe among African Americans. It focuses on understanding and resisting oppression and systemic racism. This counterframe is often used as a way to challenge injustice and promote social change. Other counterframes, such as the alternative solutions counterframe or the accept-and-reject counterframe, may be used by some, but the antioppression counterframe is particularly relevant to the experiences of African Americans.

Question 20

Among African Americans, members of the Millennial Generation are more likely than older age cohorts to attribute racial inequality to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Among African Americans, members of the Millennial...

Quiz 12: Prejudice and Discrimination