In Bystander Experiments, Diffusion of Responsibility Is Often Used by Whites

In bystander experiments, diffusion of responsibility is often used by Whites to justify not helping a Black emergency victim. How do researchers know this? Because:

A) Black subjects have a much higher rate than White subjects of helping Black emergency victims
B) the recorded brainwaves of the White subjects in these experiments show the kind of patterns associated with negative emotions like prejudice when there are numerous other witnesses present
C) White subjects are less likely to help a Black than a White victim only when there are other witnesses to the alleged emergency
D) White subjects have been socialized to avoid interracial situations
E) White subjects often indicate that they would feel anxious interaction with someone of a different race on postexperimental questionnaires