Question 1

According to self-determination theory, motivation is most effective and well-being is greatest when what conditions occur?

Accepted Answer

Self-determination theory posits that intrinsic motivation (i.e. motivation that comes from within the person) leads to greater well-being and better outcomes compared to extrinsic motivation (i.e. motivation that is imposed from outside the person). Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Options C and D are inaccurate because Maslow's hierarchy of needs and cultural motives do not necessarily determine optimal motivation and well-being.

Question 2

What statement best describes the need for competence?

Accepted Answer

The need for competence refers to the desire to feel capable, effective, and qualified in one's abilities and achievements. Option B best reflects this need, while the other options do not directly pertain to competence.

Question 3

What statement best describes the need for autonomy?

Accepted Answer

Autonomy refers to the need to be able to make choices and decisions for oneself, and to act in accordance with one's own goals and desires. Choice C directly speaks to this concept, as it involves an individual being able to choose their own goals and pursue them as they see fit. Choices A, B, and D may be important for personal well-being, but they do not specifically relate to autonomy.

Question 4

According to Darwin, the need to affiliate and to belong

Accepted Answer

According to Darwin, the need to affiliate and to belong resulted from natural selection, as social connections were important for survival in early human societies. This need is therefore expected to be present across cultures.

Question 5

What is (are) a consequence(s) of social rejection? Social rejection

Accepted Answer

Social rejection can lead to a variety of negative outcomes, including lowered self-esteem, a feeling of loss of control, feeling bad emotionally, and a motivation to reconnect with others. These reactions are part of the complex psychological impact of being rejected by peers or social groups.

Question 6

A person has been made to feel socially rejected. As a result , the person will

Accepted Answer

Social rejection often leads to an increased motivation to identify and seek out signs of social inclusion, such as sincere smiles, as a means to regain social connections and acceptance.

Question 7

Based on William James' formula for self-esteem, individuals can raise their self-esteem by

Accepted Answer

According to William James, individuals can raise their self-esteem either by decreasing the number of pretensions (endeavors) they have, or by increasing the number of successes they achieve. Therefore, either choice B or choice A would work. The option about developing many positive future selves (choice D) is not a part of William James' formula for self-esteem.

Question 8

A student changes her hairstyle and wardrobe. She also studies harder in order to raise her grade point average. She engages in these behaviors because

Accepted Answer

The answer of A student changes her hairstyle and wardrobe....

Question 9

Using Contingent Self-Worth Items, an individual scores very low in the appearance domain and high in the academic competence domain. Next, the person receives feedback that he has no taste in fashion. How would this feedback affect his self-esteem? It would

Accepted Answer

Since the individual scored low in the appearance domain, criticism in that area would not necessarily affect their overall self-esteem, as their self-worth is not heavily contingent on that domain.

Question 10

Self-serving bias, selective self-memory, overclaiming are used for what?

Accepted Answer

The self-serving bias, selective self-memory, and overclaiming are all strategies used to protect or enhance one's self-esteem. They allow individuals to view themselves in a more positive light by emphasizing their strengths and minimizing their weaknesses. They are not related to satisfying the need for autonomy, competence, or raising one's domain of contingent self-worth.

Question 11

Self-esteem has declined resulting from failure to achieve a valued goal. What happens next?

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is not a fixed trait, but rather it fluctuates in response to experiences and events. While failure to achieve a valued goal can initially lower self-esteem, individuals often adapt and find new ways to achieve goals or gain a sense of self-worth, leading to eventual recovery of self-esteem. Thus, option C is the most likely outcome for this scenario.

Question 12

What type of individual is least likely to pursue an important or difficult goal?

Accepted Answer

According to the achievement motivation theory, individuals with a high motive to avoid failure are less likely to pursue important or difficult goals as they focus more on avoiding failure rather than achieving success. Thus, option D is the correct answer as it represents a person for whom the motive to avoid failure is stronger than the motive for success.

Question 13

What type of individual is likely to be more persistent at a task? For example, who is more persistent at school work and earns a higher GPA? Individuals who have

Accepted Answer

Individuals with a high motive to achieve (Ms) are more likely to persist at a task because they are driven by a desire to succeed and reach their goals. This motivation is more intrinsic, meaning it comes from within the individual, rather than being externally driven by a need for power or a need for closure. In contrast, individuals with a high motive to avoid failure (Maf) may be more likely to give up on a task if they perceive a risk of failure, leading to lower persistence and potentially lower academic performance.

Question 14

The phrase seize and freeze is associated with what psychological need?

Accepted Answer

The phrase seize and freeze is associated with the psychological need for closure, which refers to the desire of individuals to have a definitive answer or resolution to a situation or problem. Seizing and freezing involves quickly making a decision or judgment in order to obtain closure, even if it may not be the best or most rational choice.

Question 15

What type of individual would most enjoy perusing or studying a website that had a high amount of verbal complexity, which requires scrolling to read all of the information? This would be an individual who had a high

Accepted Answer

The need for cognition refers to an individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities, such as reading complex information. This person would enjoy perusing or studying a website with a high amount of verbal complexity that requires scrolling to read all of the information.

Question 16

Satisfying the __________ results in students being satisfied with their university courses. Satisfying this need will also benefit their GPA. What psychological need does this?

Accepted Answer

The need for cognition refers to an individual's desire to engage in effortful thinking and to enjoy problem-solving activities. Satisfying this need can lead to a greater satisfaction with academic work, including university courses, which can ultimately benefit one's GPA.

Question 17

The phrase get ahead versus get along is a contest between what two motives? It is between the

Accepted Answer

The phrase "get ahead" suggests a power motive, or a desire to succeed and gain individual recognition or achievement. On the other hand, "get along" implies an affiliation motive, or a desire to belong and maintain positive relationships with others. Therefore, the contest between these two phrases is primarily between the power motive and the affiliation motive.

Question 18

Regarding career development of women with a high need for power, these women

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women with a high need for power had greater satisfaction in careers that allowed them to exercise interpersonal power, such as management or leadership positions. They may have less satisfaction in careers that force them to exercise more traditional forms of power, such as authority over others or control over resources. However, this need for power does not necessarily hinder their career progress or job performance.

Question 19

What is counterfactual thinking? This type of thinking involves

Accepted Answer

Counterfactual thinking involves imagining alternative scenarios that could have happened but did not. These scenarios contrast with our current reality, such as "what if I had taken a different job?" or "what if I had never met my spouse?" This type of thinking can help us understand and learn from past experiences, as well as prepare for future possibilities. Choices A, B, and D do not accurately describe counterfactual thinking.

Question 20

What type of motivation occurs when an unexpected event has happened? The event is difficult for individuals to comprehend, since it disrupts their view of the world and society. The affected individuals most likely will

Accepted Answer

When an unexpected event occurs, individuals often experience a sense of confusion or uncertainty about the world around them. In order to cope with this, they may search for meaning in order to create a sense of understanding and control over the situation. This can involve reflecting on the event, seeking out information and answers, or finding ways to reinterpret the event so that it aligns with their existing beliefs and perceptions. By doing so, individuals are able to regain a sense of coherence and predictability in their lives, which can serve to motivate them to take action and move forward.

Quiz 7: Psychological Needs and Motives