Question 1

Social determinants of health include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, live, work, and age that affect their health. These include factors such as income, education, employment, housing, neighborhood and physical environment, access to nutritious food and recreation, social support, and discrimination. Biologic factors such as age and sex are not considered social determinants of health. The health care system is also a social determinant of health as it can affect access to care and health outcomes.

Question 2

Which two potentially modifiable determinants are the most important causes of preventable mortality in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Tobacco use and poor diet/physical inactivity are the two most important causes of preventable mortality in the United States. Tobacco use is linked to a range of diseases, including lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. Poor diet and physical inactivity can lead to obesity, which in turn increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Both smoking and unhealthy eating habits can be modified with lifestyle changes and interventions.

Question 3

The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of good human health includes:

Accepted Answer

The WHO definition of good human health includes physical, mental, and social well-being. This means that a person who is healthy according to WHO standards is not only free from physical illness or disease, but also has good mental health and is socially connected and supported. All three aspects are seen as equally important for overall health and well-being.

Question 4

Which of the following is considered to be the highest quality data with respect to electronic birth records?

Accepted Answer

Infant's birth weight is considered to be the highest quality data with respect to electronic birth records as it is a straightforward and objective measurement that provides important information about the infant's health and development. Apgar score is also considered high quality as it is a standard measurement of the infant's overall health immediately after birth. History of alcohol and tobacco use may be important, but it is self-reported and may not always be accurate or complete.

Question 5

United States Census data are frequently used for getting information on all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

While census data can provide some demographic information about the population, it is not the most reliable source for specific health behavior data. Other surveys and studies may be more appropriate for this type of information.

Question 6

Which of the following is the best source of information on adult and infant mortality?

Accepted Answer

Death certificates are the primary source of official data on mortality, providing detailed information on the cause and circumstances of death for both adults and infants.

Question 7

In the United States, the national effort to improve health and well-being is known as:

Accepted Answer

Healthy People is a national initiative in the United States aimed at improving the health of all Americans by setting and tracking goals for specific health-related issues. It is a comprehensive program developed by the US Department of Health and Human Services. The other options are not related to this initiative.

Question 8

Which of the following was in the top five causes of death in both 1900 and 2016?

Accepted Answer

In both 1900 and 2016, heart disease has consistently been one of the leading causes of death in the United States. While tuberculosis was a leading cause of death in 1900, it is no longer a top cause due to advances in medicine and public health measures. Malignant neoplasms (i.e. cancer) and diabetes were not in the top five causes of death in 1900, but they are now among the leading causes.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a mortality-based indicator of health status in a population?

Accepted Answer

Prevalence rate is not a mortality-based indicator, but rather a measure of the proportion of individuals in a population who have a certain condition or disease at a specific point in time. The other options are all mortality-based indicators, with life expectancy at birth measuring the average number of years a newborn can expect to live, crude mortality rate measuring the number of deaths in a population (usually per 1,000 or 100,000) over a specified period of time, and years of potential life lost before age 65 measuring the number of years of life lost due to premature death before age 65.

Question 10

The mortality-based measures commonly used to describe impact of health indicators that disproportionately impact younger people is:

Accepted Answer

Years of potential life lost before age 75 is the most appropriate measure for describing the impact of health indicators that disproportionately affect younger people. This measure quantifies the number of years of life lost prematurely before age 75, which is a more meaningful measure of the impact on a population with a younger age structure than traditional measures like life expectancy at birth or age-adjusted mortality rates.

Question 11

Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates have been declining at approximately the same rate in the United States over the past fifty years.

Accepted Answer

Crude mortality rates may decline due to improvements in healthcare and living conditions, but age-adjusted rates account for changes in population age distribution, which can show different trends.

Question 12

What were the top five causes of death in 1900?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What were the top five causes of...

Question 13

What were the top five causes of death in 2016?

Accepted Answer

In 2016, the top five causes of death were diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms (cancers), chronic lower respiratory diseases, unintentional injuries (accidents), and cerebrovascular diseases (stroke).

Question 14

By the year 2016, tuberculosis, gastroenteritis, and diphtheria fell off the list of top 10 causes of death. Which of the following is now on the list that was not on the list in 1900?

Accepted Answer

The answer of By the year 2016, tuberculosis, gastroenteritis, and...

Question 15

Which of the following remains an important predictor of good and poor health in our society?

Accepted Answer

Social standing, or socioeconomic status, is a significant predictor of health outcomes, as it influences access to resources, healthcare, and living conditions, which in turn affect overall health.

Question 16

Which of the following are examples of morbidity-based indicators?

Accepted Answer

Morbidity-based indicators refer to measures that reflect the prevalence or incidence of disease or health conditions in a population. Preterm births are an example of a health condition that can be used as a morbidity indicator.

Question 17

Which of these is not a leading health topic of Healthy People 2020 initiative?

Accepted Answer

The other options (A, B, and D) are all leading health topics included in the Healthy People 2020 initiative, but communicable disease is not included. The initiative instead focuses on non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Question 18

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of aggregate disease burden?

Accepted Answer

The disability adjusted life year (DALY) is a commonly used measure of aggregate disease burden, as it takes into account both mortality and morbidity by combining years of life lost due to premature death and years lived with disability. Years of potential life lost (YPLL) only takes into account premature death, while morbidity rate and life expectancy only focus on one aspect of disease burden.

Question 19

Common sources of morbidity-based indicators include all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Common sources of morbidity-based indicators include all...

Question 20

Which of the following are the easiest indicators to measure?

Accepted Answer

Mortality-based indicators are the easiest to measure as they require tracking the number of deaths in a given population, which is a relatively straightforward process. Other indicators, such as morbidity-based or disability-based indicators, may be more difficult to measure accurately, as they may rely on self-reporting or varying definitions of illness or disability. Well-being indicators can also be difficult to measure as they are more subjective and may require complex surveys or assessments.

Quiz 2: Assessment: Defining and Measuring Health and Determinants of Health