Question 1

The process of "enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health beyond prevention" describes the World Health Organization's definition of:

Accepted Answer

The definition provided in the question, "enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health beyond prevention," is the exact definition of health promotion according to the World Health Organization. Disease prevention (A) focuses on preventing specific diseases from occurring through measures such as vaccines or lifestyle changes. Health education (B) involves teaching individuals about health-related topics, but may not necessarily involve empowering people to take control of their own health. Risk reduction (D) refers to reducing the likelihood of harm or negative outcomes from specific activities or behaviors. Therefore, the best choice for this definition is C) health promotion.

Question 2

The healthcare delivery system traditionally refers to:

Accepted Answer

The healthcare delivery system refers to the overall organization, financing, and provision of personal healthcare (clinical) services. This includes all aspects of healthcare, including the groups of healthcare providers, the provision of services, and the financing structures that support it.

Question 3

Immunizations fall into what category of disease prevention?

Accepted Answer

Immunizations fall under primary prevention because they help prevent the initial occurrence of a disease or infection.

Question 4

When a person is healthy, without signs and symptoms of disease, illness or injury, the level of prevention most appropriate would be:

Accepted Answer

Primary prevention is the most appropriate level of prevention for a healthy individual because it focuses on preventing the onset of disease, illness or injury before it occurs. This is achieved through education and promotion of healthy behaviors, as well as immunizations and screenings. Secondary prevention is for individuals who already have signs or symptoms of a disease, while tertiary prevention is for individuals who are living with a chronic condition to prevent complications or further deterioration of health. No prevention is not a viable option as maintaining good health requires ongoing efforts to prevent illnesses and injuries from occurring.

Question 5

School-based programs to increase physical activity are an example of CDC's Health Impact in 5 Years (HI-5). This intervention represents which level of the health impact pyramid?

Accepted Answer

School-based programs to increase physical activity aim to change the context by creating opportunities and supportive environments for physical activity. The Health Impact Pyramid identifies this level as a more effective and sustainable approach to improving population health compared to individual counseling and education or clinical interventions. Social determinants of health, on the other hand, are broader societal factors that influence health outcomes and are at the base of the pyramid.

Question 6

The National Health Expenditures (health expenditures for health and medical care services) in the United States for 2015 is closest to which of these figures?

Accepted Answer

The National Health Expenditures for the United States in 2015 was approximately $3.5 trillion. This figure has been documented by multiple sources, including the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Therefore, the correct option is (C) $3.5 trillion. Option (D) $35 trillion is far beyond the current estimates for National Health Expenditures in the United States. Option (A) $350 million and Option (B) $350 billion are also much lower than the actual amount.

Question 7

The "three buckets of prevention" include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The "three buckets of prevention" include A, B, and C but not D. The three buckets of prevention are strategies for improving healthcare prevention by targeting patient populations, entire populations, and locations outside of the clinical setting. The use of research and development to improve clinical care is not one of the three buckets.

Question 8

Employing case managers to do home-visits for patients whose asthma is not well-controlled despite health education and medication is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Employing case managers to do home-visits for patients whose asthma is not well-controlled despite health education and medication is an example of innovative clinical prevention because it involves a targeted and personalized approach to managing a specific health problem (poorly controlled asthma) using non-traditional methods (home visits by case managers) to achieve better health outcomes. It is not a traditional clinic-based medical care because it involves outreach to patients in their homes, rather than them having to come to a clinic, and it is not a traditional community-wide public health prevention because it focuses on individual patients with a specific health condition, rather than trying to improve the health of a whole community.

Question 9

Early detection of disease and interventions to reverse, halt, or at least slow the progression of a condition, often performed when disease is not yet symptomatic, is a description of:

Accepted Answer

Early detection of disease and interventions to reverse, halt, or at least slow the progression of a condition, often performed when disease is not yet symptomatic, is a description of secondary prevention. Primary prevention refers to actions taken prior to the onset of any disease, while tertiary prevention focuses on managing the disease and preventing further complications. Quaternary prevention refers to preventing overmedicalization and unnecessary interventions.

Question 10

The approximate percentage of all health and medical care expenditures in the United States spent on clinical preventive and public health services is:

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, less than 5% of all health and medical care expenditures in the United States are spent on clinical preventive and public health services.

Question 11

The two largest categories of national health expenditures in the United States are:

Accepted Answer

The two largest categories of national health expenditures in the United States are physicians and hospitals. In 2019, physician and clinical services accounted for 20% of national health expenditures, while hospital care accounted for 33% of national health expenditures.

Question 12

Rank the following in terms of health care expenditures from greatest to least.

Accepted Answer

According to data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, hospital care is the largest category of health care spending, accounting for approximately 33% of all health care expenditures in the United States. Prescription drugs are the next largest category, accounting for approximately 10% of health care spending. Physician and clinical services are the third largest category, accounting for approximately 8% of health care spending. Finally, administration costs, while important, are a relatively small category of health care spending, accounting for approximately 7% of total health care spending.

Question 13

In general, the increased costs of health care in the United States compared to other countries is not associated with:

Accepted Answer

The increased costs of healthcare in the United States compared to other countries are not primarily due to an increased utilization of healthcare goods and services. Instead, the higher costs are mainly associated with higher prices for pharmaceuticals and healthcare professional services, as well as higher administrative costs.

Question 14

As a general rule, the United States spends ________ on social care relative to health care than other OECD countries.

Accepted Answer

Compared to other OECD countries, the United States spends more on health care and less on social care. In 2018, the United States spent $10,586 per capita on health care, the highest among all OECD countries. However, when it comes to social spending on programs like housing, employment, and social assistance, the United States spends less than the OECD average.

Question 15

One area in which the United States outperforms (does better than) other OECD countries relates to:

Accepted Answer

The United States has lower smoking rates than many OECD countries. According to data from the OECD, the U.S. had a smoking rate of 13.8% in 2017, while the average for OECD countries was 18.4%. This suggests that the U.S. may be doing a better job than some other countries in terms of tobacco control and prevention efforts.

Question 16

In terms of its ranking for life expectancy at birth among the world's economically developed nations, the United States generally ranks:

Accepted Answer

The United States generally ranks about average in terms of life expectancy among the world's economically developed nations. According to the World Bank, as of 2019, the average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 78.9 years, which is similar to the average for other developed countries such as Australia and Canada, but lower than countries such as Japan and Switzerland.

Question 17

Which of these levels of the health impact pyramid has the greatest impact at the population level?

Accepted Answer

Socioeconomic factors have the greatest impact at the population level because they address the underlying social and economic determinants of health that can affect large groups of people. This includes things like access to education, employment opportunities, and affordable housing, which all have a significant impact on overall health outcomes. The other levels of the health impact pyramid are important as well, but their impact is more targeted to specific individuals or communities.

Question 18

By the year 2025, non-Hispanic whites will compose approximately what percentage of the total U.S. population?

Accepted Answer

By 2025, non-Hispanic whites are projected to make up about 60% of the U.S. population due to increasing diversity and demographic changes.

Question 19

Match the following as either primary, secondary, or tertiary medical care.
-Care commonly provided by physicians and hospitals

Accepted Answer

The answer of Match the following as either primary, secondary,...

Question 20

Match the following as either primary, secondary, or tertiary medical care.
-Population-based public health services

Accepted Answer