Question 1

Age-associated bone loss among the elderly:

Accepted Answer

Age-associated bone loss among the elderly affects both trabecular (spongy) and cortical (hard) bone. Age-associated bone loss may be slowed by calcium supplementation, through may not be reversed. Bone loss is slowed by weight-bearing exercise, such as walking, aerobics, and weight training, and accelerated by the use of steroid drugs.

Question 2

Calculation of resting energy expenditure (REE) for obese individuals is subject to error because:

Accepted Answer

Calculation of resting energy expenditure (REE) for obese individuals is subject to error because adipose tissue is not as metabolically active as lean body mass. Using ideal body weight may underestimate the energy needed to move excess body weight, and about 25% of excess weight of obese individuals is believed to be metabolically active.

Question 3

Tropical sprue differs from celiac sprue in what way(s)?

Accepted Answer

Tropical sprue differs from celiac sprue because it is caused by bacterial contamination, usually as a result of drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated produce. It is successfully treated with antibiotics and folic acid and intramuscular B12 supplementation. Tropicla sprue causes less damage to intestinal villi than celiac sprue, which is a chronic, progressive disease caused by intolerance to dietary gluten.

Question 4

What effect does cooking have on carbohydrates in foods?

Accepted Answer

Cooking foods helps soften cellulose, a type of dietary fiber found in fruits and vegetables, and may break disaccharides (sugars) down into their component monosaccharides (simple sugars). Cooking helps to make starch more digestible.

Question 5

The pigment responsible for the bright red color of tomatoes is:

Accepted Answer

The pigment responsible for the bright red color of tomatoes is lycopene, a type of carotenoid. Limonene is a flavonoid found in citrus fruit, anthocyanin is a blue pigment found in fruits and vegetables, and lutein is a type of antioxidant found in many vegetables and egg yolks.

Question 6

Peppermint, chocolate, and caffeine are avoided during treatment for hiatal hernia because:

Accepted Answer

Peppermint, chocolate, and caffeine are avoided during treatment for hiatal hernia because these foods decrease esophageal sphincter pressure, which causes reflux and irritation of the mucosa of the esophagus. Prolonged decreased esophageal sphincter pressure can lead to permanent damage to the mucosa.

Question 7

The oliguric phase of acute renal failure is treated with all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The oliguric phase (reduced urine output) of acute renal failure is treated with 20-40 mEq of sodium, protein intake of less than 0.6 mg/kg, and 50-60 kcal/kg per day. Sodium needs are based on edema and urinary output, protein intake is reduced until glomerular filtration returns to normal, and calorie needs are high to promote healing and positive nitrogen balance. Fluid needs are based on losses from diarrhea, vomiting, and urine, plus 500 ml.

Question 8

Features of the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) include:

Accepted Answer

Features of the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) include identification of factors that place elders at nutritional risk (such as illness and food availability). A 10-question checklist is used to assess the nutritional and health status of elders. The NSI is particularly interested in assessing the nutritional health of individuals 80 years of age and older.

Question 9

Alcoholic neuropathy is treated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Alcoholic neuropathy is treated with both B-complex supplements as well as 50-100 mg vitamin B1. Additional B1 is used because the condition may respond to different deficiencies of B vitamins.

Question 10

Nutritional concerns following a vagotomy include:

Accepted Answer

Nutritional concerns following a vagotomy (resection of the vagus nerve) include diminished intrinsic factor production and B12 absorption, as a result of decreased stomach acid production. Decreased gastric motility may lead to dumping syndrome. Vagotomies are performed to lessen acid production in cases of peptic ulcer disease.

Question 11

The Feingold Diet used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children eliminates:

Accepted Answer

The Feingold Diet used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children eliminates artificial food colorings, additives and preservatives, since these substances are believed to trigger and worsen symptoms of hyperactivity.

Question 12

The nutritional needs of a patient with moderate facial hypertonia may be met with what kind of feeding:

Accepted Answer

The nutritional needs of a patient with moderate facial hypertonia (abnormal muscle activity) may be met by the National Dysphagia Diet 1, which consists of moist pureed foods without lumps and difficult to swallow textures. If the patient is unable to obtain adequate nutrition because of difficulty with swallowing, enteral feeding using a nasogastric tube may be used until facial muscles strengthen.

Question 13

A researcher is investigating the effects of income on fresh fruit and vegetable consumption. Her data show that income and fresh orange juice consumption are positively associated at a "p" level of 0.001. What conclusion(s) can be drawn from the "p" value?

Accepted Answer

The conclusion that can be drawn from this "p" value is that income is a strong predictor of fresh orange juice intake. In research studies the "p" value is a measure of significance of a study finding; the lower the value the more significant the association. "P" values below 0.05 are considered to be strongly significant.

Question 14

You have been asked to teach a nutrition class to a group of pregnant teenagers. The girls range in age from 14-16; about ¾ of the group attends high school, while the other quarter has dropped out. What type of instruction would be most effective for working with this group?

Accepted Answer

The most effective nutrition instruction for this group of pregnant teenage girls would be either the short film strip with group discussion or the hands-on cooking class. Because some of the girls are still attending high school and some have dropped out, there may be a great deal of difference in their reading and learning abilities. An hour-long lecture with handouts would most likely overwhelm and bore them, while the filmstrip or a cooking class geared to their age group would hold their interest and enable them to learn.

Question 15

Behavioral modification is based on which of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

Behavioral modification in based on the principles that behaviors have consequences that lead to rewards or punishments, and that positive reinforcement can promote positive behavioral changes. A reward for positive behavior should be immediate in order for it to be effective; otherwise it will not be linked with the desirable behavior in question.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of a randomized, double-blind clinical research trial?

Accepted Answer

The statement which is not true of randomized, double-blind clinical research trials is that placebo treatments are never used. Placebo treatments are used frequently in clinical trials to measure the effects of real treatment versus effects of inactive substances on a disease or health condition. In a double-blind research trial, neither investigators nor study participants know which subjects are receiving treatment. In addition, study subjects are carefully matched by age, sex, health status, etc., to similar control subjects, and both study subjects and controls are randomly assigned to avoid study bias.

Question 17

In behavior modification, the term extinction is defined as:

Accepted Answer

In behavior modification, extinction is the attempt to reduce undesirable behaviors by withholding positive reinforcement, such as praise or other rewards. The technique of repeatedly refusing to reward an undesirable behavior is believed to lead to the gradual reduction and elimination (extinction) of that behavior.

Question 18

Which of the following statements demonstrates the correct wording for a null hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The correct wording for a null hypothesis is, "Women who eat large amounts of dietary fiber have the same rates of cardiovascular disease as women who consume lesser amounts of dietary fiber." This statement is correct because the null hypothesis states there is no relationship between two variables, and that any observed difference results from chance. In research the null hypothesis is used to create an alternative hypothesis which states that a relationship between the two variables does exist.

Question 19

The process in which the liver produces glucose from glycerol or amino acids is known as:

Accepted Answer

The process by which the liver produces glucose from glycerol or amino acids is known as gluconeogenesis. Gluconeogenesis occurs when blood glucose is low, and carbohydrate fuel is unavailable. It occurs during fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, starvation, and periods of intense, prolonged exercise.

Question 20

The limiting amino acid in soybeans is:

Accepted Answer

The limiting amino acid in soybeans is methionine. "Limiting" means that methionine is present in levels inadequate for protein synthesis.

Quiz 2: Critical Care Nurse (CCN)