Question 1

Philosophical knowledge does not aim to satisfying our theoretical interest, but also to

Accepted Answer

Philosophical knowledge aims at realizing the highest truth in life, as it seeks to understand the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and the universe.

Question 2

The Jaina theory of epistemology is known as _________Vada.

Accepted Answer

The Jaina theory of epistemology is known as Syad-Vada. This theory emphasizes the relativity and conditional expression of truth, suggesting that truth can be expressed from multiple viewpoints.

Question 3

According to Mimamsa, ________ is the most important Pramana.

Accepted Answer

According to Mimamsa philosophy, "sabda" or verbal testimony is considered the most important Pramana (means of knowledge). This is because Mimamsa primarily deals with the interpretation of the Vedas, emphasizing the power of words and the authority of the scriptures.

Question 4

The only pramana accepted by the Carvakas is _________.

Accepted Answer

The Carvakas, an ancient school of Indian materialism, accept only perception (pratyakṣa) as the valid means of knowledge (pramana). They reject other means such as inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), and testimony (shabda).

Question 5

Anupalabdi as a valid source of knowledge is accepted by __________.

Accepted Answer

Anupalabdi, or non-apprehension, is accepted as a valid source of knowledge by Kumarila, a prominent philosopher in the Mimamsa school of Indian philosophy.

Question 6

Mimamsa literally means………

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mimamsa literally means………
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Question 7

According to Jainism, _________ is considered as the unlimited and absolute knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Kevalajnana is considered as the unlimited and absolute knowledge in Jainism. It is the perfect and complete knowledge, free from any obstruction, and is attained by the soul after annihilating all karmic matter that obscures true knowledge.

Question 8

Nyaya theory of error is known as _________.

Accepted Answer

Nyaya theory of error is known as anyata-khyati, which means 'knowledge of something as other than what it actually is'. This theory posits that error arises from the misapprehension of one thing for another.

Question 9

The Nyaya recognizes only _________ members of a syllogism.

Accepted Answer

The Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy recognizes five members of a syllogism, which are: proposition (pratijna), reason (hetu), example (udaharana), application (upanaya), and conclusion (nigamana).

Question 10

Nyaya accepts ________number of pramanas or the valid source of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

Nyaya philosophy accepts four pramanas or valid sources of knowledge: perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumāna), comparison (upamāna), and testimony (śabda).

Question 11

The knowledge based on the reliable statement of scripture is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

Testimony refers to the knowledge that is derived from the reliable statements found in scriptures or from trustworthy sources.

Question 12

_________ means non-cognition.

Accepted Answer

Anupalabdhi refers to non-cognition or the knowledge of absence, which is recognized as a means of valid knowledge (pramana) in certain Indian philosophies, particularly in Nyaya and Mimamsa schools. It is the inference of non-existence based on the absence of perception.

Question 13

Arthapatti refers to ________.

Accepted Answer

Arthapatti, a significant concept in Indian philosophy, particularly in the Mimamsa and Nyaya schools, refers to "presumption" or "postulation". It is a means of knowledge that involves deducing something from known facts when the usual explanations do not apply, thus resolving apparent contradictions or improbabilities.

Question 14

Nyaya maintains the theory of ____________.

Accepted Answer

Nyaya philosophy supports the theory of paratahpramanyavada, which holds that the validity of knowledge is determined by external factors or subsequent verification.

Question 15

The Nyaya category of Hetvbhasa refers to __________.

Accepted Answer

Hetvbhasa in the Nyaya philosophy refers to fallacious reasons, which are incorrect or deceptive reasons given in support of an argument.

Question 16

The epistemological doctrine of the…………… school is that perception (pratyaksa) is the only means of valid knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The Carvaka school, also known as Lokayata, holds that perception or direct sensory experience is the only valid means of knowledge, rejecting inference and other means of knowledge accepted by other schools.

Question 17

The validity even of inference is rejected by…….

Accepted Answer

The Chärväka school, also known as Lokayata, is known for its materialistic and skeptical philosophy. It rejects the validity of inference as a means of knowledge, relying instead on direct perception as the only source of knowledge.

Question 18

Vyapti is the nerve of all inference. But the ………….. School challenges this universal and invariable relationship of concomitance.

Accepted Answer

The Carvaka school, known for its materialistic and skeptical philosophy, challenges the notion of vyapti, which is a fundamental concept in Indian logic referring to the universal and invariable relationship of concomitance crucial for inference. This school denies the validity of inference as a means of knowledge, contrasting with the Nyaya school, which emphasizes the importance of vyapti in logical reasoning.

Question 19

The Jainas classify knowledge into……………. and ……………

Accepted Answer

Jain philosophy classifies knowledge into two main types: mediate (paroksha) and immediate (pratyaksha). Mediate knowledge is that which is obtained through the mediation of the senses and the mind, while immediate knowledge is direct, without the mediation of the senses or the mind.

Question 20

In Jainism mediate knowledge again divided into

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Jainism mediate knowledge again divided into
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Quiz 1: Philosophical Epistemology and Knowledge in Indian Philosophy