Question 1

Statistics in occupational therapy are the means by which data are collected, organized, and analyzed as well as presented to serve objectives in a research study.

Accepted Answer

Statistics in occupational therapy are indeed used for collecting, organizing, analyzing, and presenting data to meet the objectives of a research study, helping in the understanding and interpretation of research findings within the field.

Question 2

An r-value of .15 would indicate a very strong relationship between variables.

Accepted Answer

An r-value of .15 indicates a weak correlation between variables, as values closer to 1 or -1 represent stronger positive or negative correlations, respectively.

Question 3

The point of hypothesis testing is to be able to reject the alternative hypothesis, in which the alternative hypothesis states that an observed difference or outcome is due to chance.

Accepted Answer

The point of hypothesis testing is to determine whether there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, which typically states that there is no effect or no difference, and thereby suggest that the observed difference or outcome is not due to chance, implying support for the alternative hypothesis.

Question 4

A Pearson correlation test is the most commonly used measure of association in statistics; it involves using an r-value to represent the strength of association between two variables.

Accepted Answer

The Pearson correlation coefficient, represented by the symbol 'r', measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables on a scatterplot, making it a commonly used statistical tool for assessing associations.

Question 5

In a standard normal distribution, the deviations from zero occur symmetrically in units of standard deviation at both the positive and negative ends of the possible range of choices.

Accepted Answer

In a standard normal distribution, deviations from the mean (which is zero) occur symmetrically at both the positive and negative ends, measured in units of standard deviation.

Question 6

Most researchers prefer to use nonparametric tests because they allow researchers to be more confident about their conclusions, as well as allow them a wider range of available choices of tests.

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric tests are often used when the data doesn't meet the assumptions necessary for parametric tests, such as normal distribution or equal variances, not necessarily because they provide more confidence or a wider range of choices.

Question 7

Please match the definition with scales of measurements .
-Uses numbers to classify ranked categories not representing an amount; is a categorical label indicating rank within a distribution of categories
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Accepted Answer

Ordinal scales are used for ranking. The numbers in ordinal scales represent sequential order and indicate rank within a distribution of categories, but they do not measure the exact amount between the ranks.

Question 8

Please match the definition with scales of measurements .
-Uses numbers to classify equal distances between units of measurements, having an absolutely zero point
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Accepted Answer

Ratio scale uses numbers to classify data, measures equal distances between units, and has an absolute zero point, indicating the absence of the quantity being measured.

Question 9

Please match the definition with scales of measurements .
-Uses numbers in which the differences between values can be quantified in absolute but not relative terms and for which any zero is merely arbitrary
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Accepted Answer

Interval scales allow for the quantification of the difference between values, but the zero point is arbitrary, meaning it does not indicate an absence of the quantity being measured. Examples include temperature scales like Celsius or Fahrenheit, where zero is not a point of absence but rather another value point.

Question 10

Please match the definition with scales of measurements .
-A scale with two or more categories that represent named classifications; are not ordered in relationship to one another
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio

Accepted Answer

Nominal scales are used for labeling variables without any quantitative value. They are used to categorize or name attributes or properties, and there is no inherent order among the categories.

Question 11

Which of the following study characteristics would require the use of nonparametric statistics?
A) A continuous measure for the dependent variable
B) A normal sample distribution
C) Heterogeneity of variance
D) A large sample size

Accepted Answer

Nonparametric statistics are used when the assumptions for parametric tests are not met, such as when there is heterogeneity of variance. This means that the variances within groups are not equal, which violates the assumption of homogeneity of variances required for many parametric tests.

Question 12

Which of the following is not an accurate description of the p-value in inferential statistics?
A) The measure of the likelihood that an observed difference (or improvement) occurs by chance
B) A measure used as a cutoff for statistical significance
C) A measure of sampling error
D) A measure of the strength of an association

Accepted Answer

A p-value is not a measure of the strength of an association.

Question 13

Which of the following is not a characteristic of descriptive statistics?
A) Frequency (f) representing the number of counts of a data point within a category
B) Are used to describe or summarize characteristics within a collection of data
C) May be used to demonstrate an effect size of an intervention
D) Are often used to describe the demographics of a sample used for a research study

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics are primarily used to summarize and describe the main features of a collection of data, not to demonstrate the effect size of an intervention. Effect size is a concept more closely associated with inferential statistics, which are used to make predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample of data.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a type or application of inferential statistics?
A) Descriptive statistics
B) Hypotheses testing
C) Parametric statistics
D) Nonparametric statistics

Accepted Answer

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the features of a dataset, which is different from inferential statistics that aim to make predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample.

Quiz 24: Deciding on an Approach to Data Analysis

Statistics in occupational therapy are the means by which data are collected, organized, and analyzed as well as presented to serve objectives in a research study.

An r-value of .15 would indicate a very strong relationship between variables.

The point of hypothesis testing is to be able to reject the alternative hypothesis, in which the alternative hypothesis states that an observed difference or outcome is due to chance.

A Pearson correlation test is the most commonly used measure of association in statistics; it involves using an r-value to represent the strength of association between two variables.

In a standard normal distribution, the deviations from zero occur symmetrically in units of standard deviation at both the positive and negative ends of the possible range of choices.

Most researchers prefer to use nonparametric tests because they allow researchers to be more confident about their conclusions, as well as allow them a wider range of available choices of tests.

Please match the definition with scales of measurements . -Uses numbers to classify ranked categories not representing an amount; is a categorical label indicating rank within a distribution of categories

Please match the definition with scales of measurements . -Uses numbers to classify equal distances between units of measurements, having an absolutely zero point

Please match the definition with scales of measurements . -Uses numbers in which the differences between values can be quantified in absolute but not relative terms and for which any zero is merely arbitrary

Please match the definition with scales of measurements . -A scale with two or more categories that represent named classifications; are not ordered in relationship to one another

Which of the following study characteristics would require the use of nonparametric statistics?

Which of the following is not an accurate description of the p-value in inferential statistics?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of descriptive statistics?

Which of the following is not a type or application of inferential statistics?