Question 1

Descriptive quantitative research depicts naturally occurring events or characteristics of research participants to generate new insights through an inductive process.

Accepted Answer

Descriptive quantitative research involves observing and measuring naturally occurring phenomena to generate new insights, using an inductive approach.

Question 2

In descriptive research, the incidence is the number of new cases of a disease or disability in a population during a specified time period.

Accepted Answer

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a disease or condition that occur in a specific population during a defined time period, distinguishing it from prevalence, which includes all existing cases.

Question 3

In descriptive research, the prevalence is the percentage of people who have a particular health-related condition.

Accepted Answer

Prevalence in descriptive research refers to the proportion of a population that has a specific health-related condition at a given time, typically expressed as a percentage.

Question 4

Correlational research seeks to find usual or average values for specific variables, thus serving as a basis to evaluate and compare an individual against a similar group.

Accepted Answer

Correlational research aims to identify relationships or associations between two or more variables, not to find average values or make individual comparisons.

Question 5

A cohort design is implemented to follow a group over time utilizing repeated measures at certain intervals.

Accepted Answer

A cohort design indeed follows a group over time, often utilizing repeated measures at certain intervals to observe how specific outcomes or characteristics evolve.

Question 6

The possibility of failure to find and report a relationship among variables in a study when the relationship actually exists is a type I error.

Accepted Answer

The failure to find and report a relationship among variables in a study when the relationship actually exists is referred to as a Type II error, not a Type I error. A Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.

Question 7

The biggest danger to scientific development is to report a relationship that does not exist. This is considered a type II error.

Accepted Answer

A Type II error occurs when a study fails to detect a relationship that does exist; reporting a relationship that does not exist is considered a Type I error.

Question 8

Please match the following definitions.
-A design where the independent variables are administered to all randomly determined groups in a sequential order
A) Randomized controlled trial
B) Crossover design
C) Cross-sectional design
D) Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
E) Case control design

Accepted Answer

A crossover design involves administering treatments to all participants in a sequential order, with participants acting as their own control at different times.

Question 9

Please match the following definitions.
-A design in which groups of different types of persons, in terms of some immediate measureable dependent variable (e.g., age, presence of disability), are compared in response to exposure to an independent variable
A) Randomized controlled trial
B) Crossover design
C) Cross-sectional design
D) Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
E) Case control design

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design involves comparing different groups of individuals, each group differing in some specific characteristic (like age or presence of disability), to see how they respond to an independent variable. This design is often used to assess the prevalence of outcomes or to identify potential associations between variables at a single point in time.

Question 10

Please match the following definitions.
-An effort dedicated to improvement of randomized controlled trial (RCT) design and RCT reporting, providing a checklist of essential items that should be included in a RCT and a diagram for documenting
A) Randomized controlled trial
B) Crossover design
C) Cross-sectional design
D) Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
E) Case control design

Accepted Answer

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) is an effort dedicated to improving the design and reporting of randomized controlled trials. It provides a checklist of essential items that should be included in a report of a randomized controlled trial and a flow diagram for documenting the progress of participants through the trial.

Question 11

Please match the following definitions.
-A design utilized to find out if some specific variable from the past discriminates between people who have a disease (or disability) and people who do not
A) Randomized controlled trial
B) Crossover design
C) Cross-sectional design
D) Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
E) Case control design

Accepted Answer

A case-control design is specifically used to determine if a particular factor or variable from the past is associated with a current condition or disease by comparing individuals with the condition (cases) to those without it (controls).

Question 12

Please match the following definitions.
-An experiment where an important health outcome is the dependent variable, a clinical intervention is part of the independent variable, and research participants are recruited and randomly assigned over time as they become available
A) Randomized controlled trial
B) Crossover design
C) Cross-sectional design
D) Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
E) Case control design

Accepted Answer

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is characterized by the random assignment of participants to different groups to receive or not receive one or more interventions that are being tested. The key features of an RCT include the focus on a health outcome, the use of a clinical intervention as part of the independent variable, and the random assignment of participants as they become available, which matches the description provided.

Question 13

In descriptive research, a developmental study is conducted to:
A) Describe patterns of growth or change over time within selected segments of a population
B) Obtain demographic data for a larger, multi-phase trial
C) Observe a population, describing the most culturally salient characteristics
D) Observe how mores within a group are demonstrated at a specific point in time

Accepted Answer

Developmental studies in descriptive research are specifically designed to describe patterns of growth or change over time within selected segments of a population. This allows researchers to understand how certain variables evolve or how individuals or groups develop across different stages of life or over periods.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a step of a basic experiment?
A) Administering an independent variable
B) Developing an experimental hypothesis
C) Obtaining a representative sample
D) Assigning participants into cohorts according to defined characteristics

Accepted Answer

Assigning participants into cohorts according to defined characteristics is not a basic step in designing an experiment. The fundamental steps include administering an independent variable, developing a hypothesis, and obtaining a representative sample. Assigning participants into cohorts is more specific to certain types of experimental designs and is not considered a basic step.

Question 15

All of the following statements are true regarding type I errors except:
A) They represent the possibility of reporting a relationship among variables in a study, when there really is no relationship
B) Basic experimental design reduces the chances of producing a type I error to a small and controllable amount
C) They represent a failure to find and report a relationship among variables in a study, when a relationship actually exists
D) Researchers can never be absolutely certain that a type I error has been made

Accepted Answer

Type I error occurs when a researcher incorrectly rejects a true null hypothesis, meaning they report a relationship or effect that does not actually exist. Statement C describes a Type II error, which is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis, meaning a real relationship or effect is missed.

Quiz 20: Quantitative Research Designs: Defining Variables and Their Relationships With One Another

Descriptive quantitative research depicts naturally occurring events or characteristics of research participants to generate new insights through an inductive process.

In descriptive research, the incidence is the number of new cases of a disease or disability in a population during a specified time period.

In descriptive research, the prevalence is the percentage of people who have a particular health-related condition.

Correlational research seeks to find usual or average values for specific variables, thus serving as a basis to evaluate and compare an individual against a similar group.

A cohort design is implemented to follow a group over time utilizing repeated measures at certain intervals.

The possibility of failure to find and report a relationship among variables in a study when the relationship actually exists is a type I error.

The biggest danger to scientific development is to report a relationship that does not exist. This is considered a type II error.

Please match the following definitions. -A design where the independent variables are administered to all randomly determined groups in a sequential order

Please match the following definitions. -A design in which groups of different types of persons, in terms of some immediate measureable dependent variable (e.g., age, presence of disability) , are compared in response to exposure to an independent variable

Please match the following definitions. -An effort dedicated to improvement of randomized controlled trial (RCT) design and RCT reporting, providing a checklist of essential items that should be included in a RCT and a diagram for documenting

Please match the following definitions. -A design utilized to find out if some specific variable from the past discriminates between people who have a disease (or disability) and people who do not

Please match the following definitions. -An experiment where an important health outcome is the dependent variable, a clinical intervention is part of the independent variable, and research participants are recruited and randomly assigned over time as they become available

In descriptive research, a developmental study is conducted to:

Which of the following is not a step of a basic experiment?

All of the following statements are true regarding type I errors except: