Question 1

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption:
-Value assumption: The highest value is to promote individual liberty.

Accepted Answer

Libertarianism is the ethical system that most closely aligns with the value assumption that the highest value is to promote individual liberty. It emphasizes the importance of personal freedom and autonomy, advocating for minimal state intervention in the lives of individuals.

Question 2

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption:
-Value assumption: The highest value is that which promotes the greatest general happiness and minimizes unhappiness.

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is the ethical system that values the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, aiming to maximize pleasure and minimize pain across society. This principle aligns with the value assumption provided.

Question 3

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption:
-Value assumption: The highest value is equality, which means justice and opportunities distributed equally.

Accepted Answer

Egalitarianism is the ethical system that values equality, aiming for justice and equal opportunities for all, which matches the given value assumption.

Question 4

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption:
-Value assumption: The highest ethical values are based on faith and spiritual truth, such as loving God and one's neighbor.

Accepted Answer

Judeo-Christian principles are based on faith and spiritual truths, emphasizing values such as loving God and one's neighbor, which aligns with the given value assumption.

Question 5

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption:
-Value assumption: The highest ethical values are universal ethical principles, such as honesty and respect for others; these principles are considered to be self-evident and obvious to rational individuals of every culture.

Accepted Answer

The value assumption described aligns with the concept of universal ethical norms, which posits that certain ethical principles, such as honesty and respect for others, are universally applicable and recognized across different cultures and societies. These principles are seen as self-evident truths to rational individuals, regardless of their cultural or societal background.

Question 6

More Matching: Tests for Ethical Decision Making. Match each example to the test which is considered in the example.
-It is 3:00 a.m. and you are driving on a city street with virtually no traffic. You come to a red light, and consider passing through the intersection, despite the red light. Then you ask yourself, "What if everyone who drove decided it was O.K. to bend the traffic rules, whenever they decided the traffic rules weren't 'applicable' at that time?"

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies the "universal consequences test," where the decision-maker considers the implications if everyone made the same choice, highlighting the importance of adhering to rules for the collective good.

Question 7

More Matching: Tests for Ethical Decision Making. Match each example to the test which is considered in the example.
-You realize that your neighbor stocks his or her home office with supplies from work because the matter is discussed at a neighborhood potluck. You decide not to mention anything about the ethics of this matter, so as to maintain a good relationship. Would you still make the same decision if the neighbor was obviously reselling the stolen office supplies at frequent garage sales, held across the street from your house, sales that your friends and relatives attended?

Accepted Answer

The scenario involves considering a new situation (reselling stolen office supplies) and whether it would change your decision about discussing the ethics of the matter, which aligns with the new cases test. This test involves evaluating how your decision might change if new circumstances arise, prompting you to reconsider your ethical stance.

Question 8

More Matching: Tests for Ethical Decision Making. Match each example to the test which is considered in the example.
-You are at a social gathering that is important to your career. Several of your co-workers are talking negatively about your boss. The boss has been good to you and others, and you want to defend her or him but are afraid of being left out of the group. You begin to wonder if honesty is always the best policy.

Accepted Answer

This scenario involves the higher principles test because it challenges the individual to consider overarching ethical principles, such as honesty and loyalty, in deciding whether to defend their boss despite potential personal or social consequences.

Question 9

More Matching: Tests for Ethical Decision Making. Match each example to the test which is considered in the example.
-You purchase an item at your corner grocery store and are given a ten dollar bill instead of the one dollar bill you should have received in change. You are ready to pocket the cash. Then you wonder to yourself, "How would I feel if I accidentally paid an extra nine dollars and the cashier kept my money?"

Accepted Answer

This scenario exemplifies the role exchange test, where you consider the situation from the other person's perspective, asking how you would feel if the roles were reversed.

Question 10

Considering the four ethical tests listed in the previous question, choose one test and apply it to the following situation: your roommate, spouse, or child asks you to tell callers he or she isn't home, when he actually is home. Describe the test you are applying to the situation and document your analysis of the application here:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Considering the four ethical tests listed in...

Question 11

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization is based on the false assumption that deceit, lying, promise-breaking, and other similar actions are justified if they are the same sort engaged in by those you are dealing with.

Accepted Answer

This rationalization, "I'm just fighting fire with fire," implies that using the same dishonest or unethical methods as opponents or others is justified, which is based on the false assumption that such actions are acceptable if they are the same type engaged in by those one is dealing with.

Question 12

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-A student notices that the majority of his or her classmates are cheating on a test and feels justified in cheating him or herself.

Accepted Answer

This rationalization, "It can't be wrong; everyone's doing it," directly aligns with the scenario where a student justifies cheating because many classmates are also cheating, suggesting a belief that widespread behavior validates the action.

Question 13

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization is based on the false assumption that one can deem an action to be so necessary that ethics are not a consideration in choosing this action.

Accepted Answer

This rationalization, "If it's necessary, it is ethical," directly matches the description as it justifies actions by their perceived necessity, ignoring ethical considerations.

Question 14

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization fits in the case of someone who works for a grocery store giving food to the homeless behind the owner's back.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization fits in the...

Question 15

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization could apply to fairly well-off, middle-class families who put all their financial assets into relatives' names at the time that their college-age children enter college, so that the students can "qualify" for financial grants based on the neediness of their families.

Accepted Answer

The rationalization is that if something is legal and permissible, then it is proper. This is a common rationalization used by people who want to justify their actions, even if those actions are unethical. In this case, the family is using a legal loophole to qualify for financial grants, even though they are not actually in need.

Question 16

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization is based on a false assumption that whatever reward the individual is helping himself or herself to (without proper clearance and approval) is justified, because the individual has earned this reward for services rendered.

Accepted Answer

This rationalization, "I've got it coming," is based on the belief that one deserves the reward for their efforts or services, even if taking it without proper approval.

Question 17

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization might be used by a coach who allows the child of a major donor to new athletic fields to be the "star" of the team when in reality, the student is on a par with his or her teammates. The rationalization underestimates the subtle ways in which gratitude, friendship, and favors affect judgment.

Accepted Answer

This rationalization, "I can still be objective," is used to justify actions by claiming that one's judgment is not affected by personal interests or relationships, despite evidence to the contrary.

Question 18

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-This rationalization works on the assumption that if there is no clear and immediate harm to others, then the action must not be wrong.

Accepted Answer

This rationalization, "It doesn't hurt anyone," assumes that if an action does not cause clear and immediate harm, it is not wrong.

Question 19

Matching: Common Rationalizations
-A secretary is frustrated with his or her supervisor's messy desk and knows that many of the documents on the desk are outmoded and irrelevant to the work. One day, he or she cleans off the desk, throws old papers away, and puts everything in order. The supervisor is angry that his or her possessions were disturbed without his or her permission. In response, the secretary uses which rationalization?

Accepted Answer

The secretary rationalizes the action by implying that the intention was to help the supervisor, hence using the rationalization "I was just doing it for you."

Question 20

More Matching
-Statements given to support conclusions

Accepted Answer

Reasons are statements given to support conclusions, providing the necessary evidence or rationale for why the conclusion is valid.

Quiz 2: Values and Ethics

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption: -Value assumption: The highest value is to promote individual liberty.

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption: -Value assumption: The highest value is that which promotes the greatest general happiness and minimizes unhappiness.

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption: -Value assumption: The highest value is equality, which means justice and opportunities distributed equally.

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption: -Value assumption: The highest ethical values are based on faith and spiritual truth, such as loving God and one's neighbor.

Match the correct ethical system with the value assumption: -Value assumption: The highest ethical values are universal ethical principles, such as honesty and respect for others; these principles are considered to be self-evident and obvious to rational individuals of every culture.

Matching: Common Rationalizations -This rationalization is based on the false assumption that deceit, lying, promise-breaking, and other similar actions are justified if they are the same sort engaged in by those you are dealing with.

Matching: Common Rationalizations -A student notices that the majority of his or her classmates are cheating on a test and feels justified in cheating him or herself.

Matching: Common Rationalizations -This rationalization is based on the false assumption that one can deem an action to be so necessary that ethics are not a consideration in choosing this action.

Matching: Common Rationalizations -This rationalization fits in the case of someone who works for a grocery store giving food to the homeless behind the owner's back.

Matching: Common Rationalizations -This rationalization is based on a false assumption that whatever reward the individual is helping himself or herself to (without proper clearance and approval) is justified, because the individual has earned this reward for services rendered.

Matching: Common Rationalizations -This rationalization works on the assumption that if there is no clear and immediate harm to others, then the action must not be wrong.

More Matching -Statements given to support conclusions