Question 1

What is estimated to be the heritability range for suicidal behavior?

Accepted Answer

The heritability of suicidal behavior is estimated to be in the range of 38-55%, indicating a moderate genetic influence.

Question 2

Genes that contribute to suicidal behavior ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Genes that contribute to suicidal behavior ______.
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Question 3

Which of the following psychological disorders shows the highest genetic overlap with anxiety disorders?

Accepted Answer

Major depression shows the highest genetic overlap with anxiety disorders, as both conditions often co-occur and share common genetic risk factors.

Question 4

Which of the following regarding PTSD is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Men are not almost four times more vulnerable to developing PTSD than women; in fact, women are generally more likely to develop PTSD after experiencing trauma.

Question 5

Individuals who carry the VAL66MET allele ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Individuals who carry the VAL66MET allele ______.
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Question 6

Which of the following areas of the brain does NOT show increased activity in individuals suffering from PTSD?

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus often shows decreased activity or volume in individuals with PTSD, contrasting with the increased activity observed in areas like the insular cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala, which are more directly involved in the processing of fear, emotions, and stress responses.

Question 7

All of the following are associated with a vulnerability to develop PTSD EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Increased gray matter volume in the orbitofrontal cortex is not typically associated with a vulnerability to develop PTSD. Instead, factors like a smaller hippocampus volume, mutations in the FKBP5 gene, and a smaller-sized anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are linked to a higher risk of PTSD.

Question 8

The ______ network provides error detection by comparing an intended response with appropriate ones, which is faulty in some individuals with uncontrollable anxiety.

Accepted Answer

The salience network is involved in detecting and filtering significant stimuli, including emotional stimuli, and plays a role in comparing intended responses with appropriate ones. Dysfunction in this network has been linked to anxiety disorders, where the ability to appropriately filter and respond to stimuli is impaired.

Question 9

If someone with anxiety has problems with controlling their emotions when confronted with anxiety-inducing events or thoughts, they have underactivity in the ______, which also engages in self-monitoring and future planning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If someone with anxiety has problems with...

Question 10

A need for increased executive control when surveying a situation is the responsibility of the ______.

Accepted Answer

The frontoparietal network is responsible for increased executive control when surveying a situation, as it is involved in high-level cognitive functions including attention, problem-solving, and decision-making.

Question 11

Michael continues to have uncontrollable and anxiety-provoking recurring thoughts that his hands are dirty. This is a good example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings, such as the anxiety-provoking recurring thoughts about dirty hands that Michael is experiencing. Compulsions, on the other hand, are behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease his or her distress. Paranoia involves irrational and persistent distrust or suspicion of others, and a phobia is an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something.

Question 12

In an episode of Grey's Anatomy, Dr. Bailey found it difficult to leave home because she constantly felt the need to check and recheck the contents of her purse. This is a good example of ______.

Accepted Answer

This behavior is a compulsion, which is characterized by repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. In this case, Dr. Bailey's need to repeatedly check the contents of her purse is a compulsion aimed at reducing anxiety or distress, not a specific fear (phobia), an unjustified suspicion (paranoia), or an intrusive thought (obsession).

Question 13

What is a relatively new treatment used in OCD patients who do not respond to drug therapy?

Accepted Answer

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a relatively new treatment used for OCD patients who do not respond to traditional drug therapy.

Question 14

With the deep brain stimulation technique, OCD patients experienced a ___ reduction in symptoms

Accepted Answer

Deep brain stimulation has been shown to be effective in reducing OCD symptoms by about 40%.

Question 15

In a study comparing hoarders with both OCD patients and healthy controls, researchers found increased activity in the ACC among which group after they threw away a number of personal possessions?

Accepted Answer

The increased activity in the ACC (anterior cingulate cortex) after throwing away personal possessions was specifically observed in hoarders. This finding suggests that hoarders experience a unique pattern of brain activity when parting with belongings, differentiating them from both OCD patients and healthy controls.

Question 16

All of the following are true about Tourette's syndrome EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

The concordance rates for Tourette's syndrome are not as high as 70% to 90%. Concordance rates refer to the likelihood that both individuals in a pair (such as twins) will have the condition if one of them has it. While there is a genetic component to Tourette's syndrome, suggesting some level of concordance, especially in monozygotic twins, the rates are not typically as high as 70% to 90%. This statement is not accurate in reflecting the genetic variability and environmental factors that also play roles in the development of Tourette's syndrome.

Question 17

OCD and Tourette's syndrome both involve changes in ______ activity.

Accepted Answer

Both OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) and Tourette's syndrome have been associated with changes in basal ganglia activity, a group of nuclei in the brain involved in the control of movement and behavior.

Question 18

Recent studies observing neural connections in the schizophrenic brain report reductions in cortical folding in frontal associated circuits.

Accepted Answer

Recent neuroimaging studies have indeed observed alterations in the brain structure of individuals with schizophrenia, including reductions in cortical folding (gyrification) in regions associated with the frontal cortex, which are thought to impact the neural connectivity and cognitive functions.

Question 19

Another common term used in place of "schizophrenia" is "multiple personality."

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions, whereas "multiple personality" refers to Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), a different condition where a person has two or more distinct identities or personality states.

Question 20

Current research has found significant declines over the years in the diagnosis of schizophrenia, particularly in the U.S.

Accepted Answer

Current research does not indicate a significant decline in schizophrenia diagnoses; rather, the prevalence has remained relatively stable over the years.

Quiz 14: Psychological Disorders