Question 1

In a 2005 study, individuals who ate at least 2 meals a week of ______ reduced cognitive decline by 13% compared to those eating it less than once per week.

Accepted Answer

Fish consumption has been linked to various health benefits, including a slower rate of cognitive decline. The omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, particularly fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines, are thought to contribute to brain health.

Question 2

A combination of ______ may be useful in older individuals with mild intellectual disability, as it has been shown to slow both brain atrophy and cognitive decline.

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B, particularly a combination of B6, B12, and folic acid, has been shown in some studies to slow brain atrophy and cognitive decline in older individuals, including those with mild cognitive impairments. This effect is thought to be related to the role of these vitamins in lowering homocysteine levels, which are associated with brain atrophy and cognitive decline.

Question 3

If an older female relative of yours took estrogen replacement therapy to treat the negative effects of menopause, what could be a beneficial side effect?

Accepted Answer

Estrogen replacement therapy has been shown to have a beneficial effect on verbal and visual memory in postmenopausal women, helping to mitigate some of the cognitive declines that can occur with aging and hormonal changes.

Question 4

Estrogen levels during the menstrual cycles have been correlated with all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle have been shown to influence cortical excitability, blood flow in brain areas involved in cognitive tasks, and responsiveness to acetylcholine, but there is no direct correlation with decreased glucose metabolism.

Question 5

Men who maintain their testosterone levels beyond the age of ______ show better preservation of visual, verbal, and visual-spatial abilities.

Accepted Answer

Testosterone levels typically decline with age, and maintaining them beyond the age of 50 can help preserve cognitive functions such as visual, verbal, and visual-spatial abilities.

Question 6

Studies on testosterone replacement therapy have shown that testosterone increases only ______ in males.

Accepted Answer

Testosterone has been found to specifically increase spatial memory in males, which is the ability to remember the locations of objects, navigate environments, and understand and manipulate spatial relationships.

Question 7

To improve spatial, working, and verbal memory as a group, males have to be given ______.

Accepted Answer

Dihydrotestosterone, a potent androgen, has been shown to improve spatial, working, and verbal memory in males. This is because androgens like dihydrotestosterone can influence brain function and cognition, including memory.

Question 8

Improving spatial, working, and verbal memory can be accomplished by the use of ______, which is converted into ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Improving spatial, working, and verbal memory can...

Question 9

What is the correct term used to refer to someone with a developmental limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior?

Accepted Answer

Intellectual disability is the correct term used to describe someone with limitations in both intellectual functioning (such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills.

Question 10

It is reported that a higher incidence of intellectual disability is found in ______ countries.

Accepted Answer

The answer of It is reported that a higher incidence...

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a noted environmental cause of intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

Mild malnutrition, while it can affect physical growth and potentially cognitive development, is not typically classified as a direct cause of intellectual disability in the same manner as maternal alcohol use, birth complications, and childhood infections. Intellectual disability is more often linked to severe malnutrition or malnutrition in combination with other risk factors.

Question 12

What is the estimated heritability of intellectual disability?

Accepted Answer

The heritability of intellectual disability is complex and varies depending on the specific causes, which can range from genetic factors to environmental influences. Therefore, it is not possible to assign a single estimated heritability value, making "not known" the most accurate answer.

Question 13

If a pregnant woman is concerned about her unborn child having Down syndrome, she might ask her doctor about getting an amniocentesis (sampling of amniotic fluid) to confirm it. What would a positive test reveal?

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome is characterized by an individual having three copies of chromosome 21, rather than the usual two. This condition is also known as trisomy 21.

Question 14

What is the typical IQ range of a person with Down syndrome?

Accepted Answer

The typical IQ range for a person with Down syndrome is between 40 and 55. This range can vary among individuals, but it generally falls within mild to moderate levels of intellectual disability.

Question 15

What does "mosaic trisomy 21" mean?

Accepted Answer

Mosaic trisomy 21 means that only some of the cells in the body have an extra chromosome 21, indicating a mixture of normal and trisomic cells.

Question 16

A strain of mice engineered with a third copy of a critical chromosome 21 region produced ______.

Accepted Answer

This strain of mice, engineered to carry an extra copy of a critical region on chromosome 21, produced less of two proteins that are crucial for neural survival, which is a characteristic associated with Down syndrome in humans. This genetic modification is aimed at studying the effects of gene dosage on neural development and function, as chromosome 21 is the chromosome implicated in Down syndrome.

Question 17

In a mouse model of Down syndrome, what happened to pregnant mice when they were treated with proteins that support neuron survival?

Accepted Answer

The treatment eliminated the developmental delays that would usually be observed in their offspring.

Question 18

In a mouse model of Down syndrome, affected mice given a drug that increased ______ performed as well as normal mice.

Accepted Answer

In a mouse model of Down syndrome, studies have shown that drugs increasing norepinephrine levels can improve cognitive function, allowing affected mice to perform as well as normal mice. This is because norepinephrine plays a crucial role in attention, memory, and cognitive performance.

Question 19

DNA methylation has been shown to differ between subjects with Down syndrome and otherwise healthy controls by ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of DNA methylation has been shown to differ...

Question 20

A mutation in the FMR1 gene causes ______.

Accepted Answer

Fragile X syndrome is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, which affects the X chromosome, leading to intellectual disability and other symptoms.

Quiz 13: Intelligence and Cognitive Functioning