Question 1

Body integrity identity disorder, resulting from ______ damage, sometimes causes individuals to ______.

Accepted Answer

Body integrity identity disorder (BIID) is a condition where individuals do not identify with one or more of their limbs or parts of their body, often leading them to desire amputation of the affected limb. This disorder is associated with damage or dysfunction in the posterior parietal cortex, which plays a role in body image and spatial orientation.

Question 2

Possible cause of an out-of-body experience include all of the following EXEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Out-of-body experiences are typically associated with neurological or psychological conditions, such as electrical stimulation of certain brain areas, damage to specific parts of the brain, or occurrences during epileptic seizures. There is no substantial evidence linking genetics directly as a cause of out-of-body experiences.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about pain?

Accepted Answer

Dull pain tends to last longer than sharp pain. Sharp pain is immediate and precise, allowing for quick identification of the problem area, whereas dull pain can be persistent and less localized, often associated with chronic conditions.

Question 4

Just like the other body senses, information about pain passes through the ______.

Accepted Answer

The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, including pain, transmitting it to various parts of the brain for processing.

Question 5

If you take ibuprofen, this decreases swelling and pain. It does so by blocking ______.

Accepted Answer

Ibuprofen works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is necessary for the synthesis of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are compounds that play a key role in inflammation and pain. By blocking the production of prostaglandins, ibuprofen effectively reduces inflammation and pain.

Question 6

Which group of drugs shows promise in effectively relieving pain as it is 50 times more potent that morphine, but without producing addiction or tolerance?

Accepted Answer

MDANs (Morphine-Derivative Antagonist Narcotics) are being researched for their potential to relieve pain effectively without the addiction or tolerance issues associated with opioids like morphine.

Question 7

How does the MDAN group of drugs work to be a potent and effective pain killer without producing addiction?

Accepted Answer

MDAN drugs work by targeting the mu opioid receptor, which is responsible for pain relief, while blocking the delta opioid receptor, which is associated with the development of tolerance and addiction. This dual action allows for effective pain relief without the risk of addiction.

Question 8

An antibody that shows promise in clinical trials to safely and effectively reduce pain is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Tanezumab is an antibody that has been researched for its potential to safely and effectively reduce pain by targeting nerve growth factor, a different approach compared to traditional pain management strategies.

Question 9

A fancier term for endorphins is based on its relationship between a class of analgesic drugs that act upon the same brain areas. This term is ______.

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are often referred to as endogenous opiates because they function similarly to opiate drugs (such as morphine and codeine) by naturally relieving pain and inducing feelings of pleasure or euphoria within the body.

Question 10

When you hear Uncle Rico dismissing any placebo effect of pain relief as "all in the mind," you can set him straight by ______.

Accepted Answer

Placebos activate the same brain areas as opiates, which indicates that the placebo effect is a real physiological phenomenon.

Question 11

How do endorphins work to relieve pain?

Accepted Answer

Endorphins work to relieve pain by inhibiting the release of substance P, which is involved in the transmission of pain signals to the brain. This action effectively closes the pain 'gate' in the spinal cord, reducing the sensation of pain.

Question 12

Patients suffering from congenital insensitivity to pain frequently die due to injuries they did not know they had or perform risky behaviors that would severely hurt other people. This disease can be caused by ______.

Accepted Answer

Mutated, nonfunctioning sodium channels in pain neurons can cause congenital insensitivity to pain. These channels are crucial for the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system. When they are nonfunctional due to mutations, pain signals cannot be properly transmitted, leading to the condition.

Question 13

Why is it difficult to determine estimates of how many people are afflicted with lifelong chronic pain?

Accepted Answer

Studies usually include different populations and use different criteria for determining what is chronic pain.

Question 14

Chronic pain is defined as pain that ______.

Accepted Answer

Chronic pain is typically defined as pain that persists beyond the normal time of healing, often considered to be longer than three to six months, even after the initial injury or condition has healed.

Question 15

What other disorder makes someone more likely to develop chronic pain following an injury?

Accepted Answer

Depression is a risk factor for developing chronic pain following an injury.

Question 16

The strength of the communication between the nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex is about 85% accurate in determining how long a patient will suffer from pain. This is most likely due to the connection between the two areas being attributed to ______.

Accepted Answer

The nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex are both involved in processing emotions and reward. The strength of communication between these areas likely influences how emotionally a person reacts to pain, which can affect the perception and duration of pain.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a functional change that occurs in the nervous system during chronic pain?

Accepted Answer

Activity decreases in the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula are not functional changes that occur in the nervous system during chronic pain.

Question 18

Phantom pain from a paralyzed or amputated limb is experienced by ______ of amputees.

Accepted Answer

Phantom pain is experienced by approximately 75% of individuals who have undergone an amputation. This phenomenon occurs when the brain continues to receive signals from nerves that originally served the missing limb, leading to the sensation of pain or other feelings as if the limb were still there.

Question 19

If someone has had a hand destroyed as a result of an accident, how long do doctors have to replace the hand with a donor hand?

Accepted Answer

Reattaching a hand or performing a hand transplant needs to be done as soon as possible to ensure the best outcome. However, the critical factor is not the immediate time after the injury but rather the prevention of cortical rearrangement. Cortical rearrangement refers to the brain's adaptation to the loss of the hand, where it reallocates the area of the brain that used to control the hand to other functions. If this has not occurred, the procedure can still potentially be successful, even after a considerable amount of time has passed. This is because the primary concern is ensuring that the brain can still properly control and integrate the hand once reattached or transplanted.

Question 20

If you are looking at a slide of muscle and you see no bands or stripes, what type of muscle does it have to be?

Accepted Answer

Smooth muscle does not have the striations or bands that are characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle. These bands are due to the arrangement of sarcomeres within the muscle fibers, which are not present in smooth muscle.

Quiz 11: The Body Senses and Movement

Body integrity identity disorder, resulting from damage, sometimes causes individuals to .