Question 1

Sixteen-month-old Hannah believes that her needs in life will be fulfilled and that she can obtain what she desires. In the context of Erik Erikson's stages in psychosocial development, Hannah has successfully resolved

Accepted Answer

Hannah is in the first stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development, which is basic trust versus basic mistrust. This stage occurs from birth to approximately 18 months. Successfully resolving this stage means the child has developed a sense of trust in their caregivers and environment, believing that their needs will be met.

Question 2

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is a possible outcome of an inadequate resolution of the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the first stage, occurring in infancy, involves the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust. An inadequate resolution of this conflict can lead to difficulties in forming quality relationships later in life, as trust is foundational to building healthy, secure relationships.

Question 3

Kora experienced difficulties in the first stage of psychosocial development outlined by Erikson. In her adult years, she is most likely to

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's first stage, trust vs. mistrust, difficulties can lead to a belief that the world is unfriendly and unreliable.

Question 4

The development of basic trust versus basic mistrust occurs through an infant's interactions with

Accepted Answer

The development of basic trust versus mistrust is a concept from Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which occurs in the first stage of an infant's life. This stage emphasizes the importance of the infant's needs being met by the primary caregiver, which leads to feelings of trust when the care is consistent and reliable.

Question 5

Which of the following is the laboratory-based technique used by Mary Ainsworth to study attachment in children?

Accepted Answer

The Strange Situation technique, developed by Mary Ainsworth, is a laboratory-based method used to assess attachment styles in children by observing their reactions to separations and reunions with their caregivers.

Question 6

Which of the following forms of attachment is likely to be exhibited by infants who lack a cohesive strategy for dealing with Strange Situation stress?

Accepted Answer

Disorganized-disoriented attachment is often observed in infants who display a lack of a clear strategy to deal with stress in the Strange Situation, showing behaviors that are inconsistent, contradictory, or misdirected.

Question 7

Babies with disorganized-disoriented attachment tend to

Accepted Answer

Disorganized-disoriented attachment is characterized by a lack of a coherent strategy in dealing with the stress of separation and reunion with caregivers. Babies with this attachment style may exhibit behaviors that are contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected, indicating confusion and a lack of clear attachment behavior.

Question 8

According to John Bowlby, which of the following is true of the development of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's attachment theory posits that babies develop internal working models of their relationships based on their interactions with their caregivers. These models influence their feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about the studies of mutual regulation and emotional communication is true?

Accepted Answer

Mutual regulation in infants, particularly between the ages of 2 to 9 months, is often studied using the still-face paradigm. This experimental setup involves a parent initially interacting normally with their infant and then suddenly adopting a still, unresponsive facial expression. Researchers observe how the infant attempts to re-engage the parent, which provides insights into the mutual regulation of emotional states between infants and their caregivers.

Question 10

Which of the following children is displaying self-coherence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following children is displaying...

Question 11

Claire, a 4-month-old baby, does not recognize herself in mirrors or pictures. If she is like most babies, she will develop physical self-recognition and self-awareness by the age of ________ months.

Accepted Answer

Most babies develop physical self-recognition and self-awareness between 18 to 24 months, as they begin to recognize themselves in mirrors and pictures.

Question 12

Whenever she gets a chance, 2-year-old Brenda applies her mother's cosmetics on her face and watches herself in the mirror. She has learned to do this by imitating her mother. Which of the following is true of Brenda?

Accepted Answer

Brenda's behavior of applying cosmetics and watching herself in the mirror indicates that she recognizes herself as an individual separate from others, which is a sign of self-recognition. This behavior doesn't necessarily reflect committed compliance, gender-typing awareness, or a high degree of self-regulation and conscientiousness at her age.

Question 13

Studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown that the ________ plays a major role in the development of self-representation in 15- to 30-month-old toddlers.

Accepted Answer

The left temporo-parietal junction is involved in various aspects of social cognition, including the development of self-representation, which is crucial in the early stages of life. MRI studies have highlighted its significance in this process among toddlers.

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson, the strength that emerges because of the favorable resolution of autonomy versus shame and doubt is

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the favorable resolution of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage (which occurs roughly between the ages of 18 months and 3 years) leads to the development of will. This stage emphasizes the child's growing sense of independence and control.

Question 15

The autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of psychosocial development is

Accepted Answer

This stage, as described by Erik Erikson, involves toddlers asserting their independence. While it's not limited to age 3 (A is incorrect), nor characterized by complete dependence on caregivers' judgment (B is incorrect), it can be associated with negativism, especially as children begin to assert autonomy, which can be viewed differently across cultures (C is correct). The stage isn't directly linked to poor parental control and maladjustment (D is incorrect); instead, it's about the child's exploration of autonomy while still needing guidance.

Question 16

According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is true of the second stage of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Erik Erikson, which of the...

Question 17

Sally is 2 years old. She insists on dressing herself even if she puts on her clothes the wrong way. In the context of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Sally is most likely to be in the stage of

Accepted Answer

Sally is in the "autonomy versus shame and doubt" stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 18 months and 3 years. This stage emphasizes children's development of personal control and independence, as seen in Sally's insistence on dressing herself.

Question 18

Lee has settled into the habit of saying "no" even when he may mean "yes."
His parents explain that he has hit the "terrible twos."
Lee's behavior is a normal manifestation of

Accepted Answer

Lee's behavior is a normal manifestation of the need for autonomy. During the "terrible twos," children often assert their independence and autonomy by saying "no," even when they don't necessarily mean it. This is a developmental stage where they are learning to express their will and make choices.

Question 19

In the context of psychosocial development of children, negativism is typically a(n)

Accepted Answer

Negativism in children, such as saying "no" to requests or demands, is often an expression of their developing need for autonomy. It is a normal part of psychosocial development, particularly noticeable during the toddler years, as children begin to assert their independence.

Question 20

Which of the following is true of the phase called "terrible twos" in child development?

Accepted Answer

The "terrible twos" phase is characterized by toddlers beginning to assert their independence and experiencing emotional fluctuations, which can be more pronounced in cultures that value individualism, such as the United States. This phase is not abnormal, does not manifest the same across all cultures, and is not specifically tied to collectivist cultures.

Quiz 7: Psychosocial Development: 0 to 3