Question 1

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more prevalent in men than women

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is more prevalent in men than in women before age 50. After age 50, the incidence is equal among individuals of both sexes.

Question 2

What organs, aside from the heart, are primarily affected by heart failure?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys and liver are the organs, aside from the heart, that are primarily affected by heart failure. However, if left untreated, heart failure can affect nearly every organ in the body.

Question 3

Which is the primary pumping chamber of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle is the largest chamber of the heart and has a thick muscle wall. It is the primary pumping chamber of the heart.

Question 4

Diastolic heart failure is characterized by

Accepted Answer

In diastolic heart failure, the left ventricle loses its ability to relax because the muscle has become stiff. The heart also does not fill with enough blood between each beat, causing dyspnea and peripheral edema.

Question 5

Dyspnea that occurs when lying down is known as

Accepted Answer

Orthopnea is the term for dyspnea that occurs when lying down. This is a common symptom of heart failure.

Question 6

Right-sided heart failure, or cor pulmonale, is commonly caused by

Accepted Answer

Right-sided heart failure is commonly caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or living at a high altitude for many years. Right-sided heart failure may also be concurrent with left-sided heart failure as the right side attempts to compensate for the left following left-sided heart failure.

Question 7

Which of the following is a lifestyle factor that increases a person's risk of developing heart disease?

Accepted Answer

Lifestyle factors that increase a person's risk of developing heart disease include obesity, smoking, eating a high-fat and high-sodium diet, and physical inactivity. Other risk factors include diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and increased age.

Question 8

Coronary heart disease can lead to heart failure due to which process?

Accepted Answer

Coronary heart disease is associated with impaired circulation within the coronary arteries of the heart, which damages the heart muscle. Myocardial damage to the left ventricle decreases the heart's ability to pump blood, causing the heart to attempt to compensate, which leads to heart failure.

Question 9

Which heart arrhythmia is most commonly caused by high alcohol intake?

Accepted Answer

High alcohol intake increases the risk for heart arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation.

Question 10

Increasing age is a risk factor for developing heart failure. Which of the following is a physiological change in the heart associated with aging?

Accepted Answer

The normal physiological changes in the heart that predispose an aging individual to heart failure include fibrous tissue and fat deposits in the heart's conduction system, slight atrophy of the heart muscle, and thickening of the heart wall. These changes decrease heart rate, cardiac output, and pumping capacity, respectively.

Question 11

When educating a patient and their family about home management of heart failure (HF), what instruction should the nurse practitioner include?

Accepted Answer

Home management for a patient with heart failure should include daily weights, blood pressure monitoring, peripheral edema assessment, and serial brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels.

Question 12

Which class of medication is the first line for treating heart failure?

Accepted Answer

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the first-line medications for heart failure because they prevent weakening of the myocardium. ACE inhibitors treat heart failure caused by systolic dysfunction and prevent the formation of angiotensin II.

Question 13

Which class of medication sometimes causes luminous phenomena, in which there is enhanced brightness of images?

Accepted Answer

Luminous phenomena are a side effect experienced by over 10% of patients who take the I(_f) current inhibitor ivabradine. It is important to notify older patients, especially those with diminished visual acuity, of this side effect to prevent falls.

Question 14

Which Heart Failure Classification should be assigned to a patient who experiences fatigue, palpitation, and/or dyspnea with minimal activity, but is comfortable at rest and shows objective evidence of moderate cardiovascular disease?

Accepted Answer

The Heart Failure Classification of III is defined as patient symptoms of marked limitation of physical activity, comfort at rest, and fatigue, palpitation, and/or dyspnea with minimal activity. The Heart Failure Classification of C is defined as an objective assessment of evidence of moderate cardiovascular disease, marked limited physical activity due to symptoms, even during light activity, and comfort only at rest.

Question 15

When referring to Case Study 5 (Geriatric): Osteoporosis, the dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan provides a result called a T-score. The T-score represents

Accepted Answer

The T-score is a comparison between an individual's bone mineral density (BMD) and the mean score of a healthy 30-year-old female. A normal score would be within one standard deviation of the average 30-year-old female. A score greater than one standard deviation outside of the average would indicate low bone density, or osteoporosis.

Quiz 20: Heart Failure