Question 1

Elmer worked hard to establish the meaning of the term "prejudice" for his study on police officers.He consulted the literature and consulted with colleagues who have studied prejudice in order to come to an agreement about what the term means.Elmer engaged in

Accepted Answer

Elmer engaged in conceptualization, which involves establishing a clear definition or concept for a phenomenon of interest. Reification involves treating an abstract concept as if it were a concrete object, dimensionalization involves identifying and measuring different dimensions of a concept, validity involves determining if a measure is actually measuring what it claims to measure, and observation involves collecting data through direct observation.

Question 2

Measuring how people feel about proposed income tax hikes when you really want to know how well informed they are on the proposal is a problem of operationalization concerning

Accepted Answer

This problem of operationalization concerns the specific dimensions of the variable to be studied, as the question is about measuring how well informed people are on a proposed income tax hike, rather than their feelings about it. The researcher would need to define and operationalize this construct in order to measure it accurately. The other answer choices are not directly related to this issue.

Question 3

Nominal definitions most closely parallel which type of validity measure?

Accepted Answer

Nominal definitions refer to the explicit definition of a term, and whether it makes sense based on common understanding or "face value". Therefore, nominal definitions most closely parallel face validity, which measures whether a test or evaluation appears to measure what it is supposed to measure based on external appearance or common sense.

Question 4

Which method for establishing reliability does not depend on using the measure itself?

Accepted Answer

Research worker reliability is the method for establishing reliability that does not depend on using the measure itself. This method involves comparing the results of different researchers or research teams who are using the same measure to see if they produce consistent results.

Question 5

Theoretical creations that are based on observations but that cannot be observed directly or indirectly are known as

Accepted Answer

Constructs are theoretical creations that are based on observations but cannot be observed directly or indirectly. They are used to explain phenomena and are often measured through indicators or dimensions.

Question 6

Professor Tilton measured the variable "feelings toward drafting women" with the categories strongly agree,agree,indifferent,disagree,and strongly disagree.Professor Tilton was using the _____ level of measurement.

Accepted Answer

The variable is being measured in categories that have a distinct order or ranking, indicating that it is being measured at an ordinal level of measurement.

Question 7

Marlinda developed three aspects for her concept love: communication,trust,and attraction.These aspects are known as

Accepted Answer

The three aspects of love that Marlinda developed are best described as dimensions, which indicate different facets of the overall concept of love. Dimensions are commonly used in research to break down complex constructs into more manageable components.

Question 8

Luke developed a measure of religious affiliation that included these attributes: Protestant,Baptist,Catholic,Jewish,Other,None.Which quality of measures does this measure lack?

Accepted Answer

The measure lacks mutual exclusivity because the categories "Protestant" and "Baptist" overlap.

Question 9

Ignatius wanted to be sure he covered the full range of meanings in his measurement of happiness among college students.Given this,he was particularly concerned with

Accepted Answer

Content validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool, such as a survey or questionnaire, adequately covers all relevant aspects of the construct being assessed. Ignatius wanting to ensure that he covered the full range of meanings of happiness among college students is an example of him being concerned with content validity.

Question 10

A complete conceptualization involves

Accepted Answer

A complete conceptualization involves both specifying the dimensions and identifying the various indicators of each dimension. It is important to have a clear understanding of the dimensions being measured and the indicators used to measure these dimensions in order to create a comprehensive and accurate conceptualization of a phenomenon.

Question 11

What is the lowest level of measurement in which there is an exact difference between attribute values?

Accepted Answer

Interval measurement is the lowest level of measurement in which there is an exact difference between attribute values. This means that the difference between two values is meaningful and represents a fixed unit of measurement, such as temperature measured in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit. However, interval measurements do not have an absolute zero point.

Question 12

Professor Twist created the categories of less than 20 hours,20 hours to 40 hours,40 hours to 60 hours,and 60 hours or more for the variable "number of hours employed outside the home." Salton's scheme is

Accepted Answer

The answer of Professor Twist created the categories of less...

Question 13

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)is a variable that is measured at which level?

Accepted Answer

IQ is measured on an interval scale, where each point on the scale represents a consistent increment of intelligence ability. This means that the difference between an IQ score of 100 and 110 is the same as the difference between 110 and 120. However, there is no true zero point on the IQ scale, so it cannot be considered a ratio scale.

Question 14

Larry has developed ten indicators for the concept alienation.He's not yet sure exactly which ones are best.One approach he takes is to see if all the indicators behave the same way when related to Larry's independent variable,gender.Larry is employing

Accepted Answer

Larry is using the interchangeability of indicators approach, which involves checking if different indicators of a concept behave similarly in relation to another variable, in this case, gender.

Question 15

Chan created a composite measurement to determine how likely a child is to engage in delinquency from the age of 10 to 14.She tests the reliability for this instrument by performing a pilot study in which two groups each received five of the ten questions.She then compares the results,hoping they are similar.What method did Chan use?

Accepted Answer

Chan used the split-half method to test the reliability of the composite measurement she created. She divided the questions into two groups and gave each group to a different set of participants. By comparing the results of the two groups, she can determine the consistency of the instrument.

Question 16

Lucinda established the validity of her religiosity measure by making sure it corresponded with our common agreements and our individual mental images concerning her concept.She did this by checking with other people,particularly those familiar with religious issues.Which measure of validity did she use?

Accepted Answer

Lucinda used face validity to establish the validity of her religiosity measure by checking with other people, particularly those familiar with religious issues, to ensure it corresponded with our common agreements and individual mental images concerning her concept. Face validity is the simplest form of validity, where a measure appears to measure what it is intended to measure based on its face value or how it is perceived.

Question 17

When one defines a concept by specifying how it will be measured,what definition has he or she created?

Accepted Answer

When a concept is defined by specifying how it will be measured, it is known as an operational definition. This type of definition is commonly used in scientific research to ensure that the concept being studied is accurately measured and assessed.

Question 18

Juan wanted to be particularly careful to represent all levels of feelings about how ethical members of Congress are.So,instead of just asking how much respondents agreed with a statement that "Members of Congress are ethical," he instead asked for responses ranging from "Members are completely unethical" to "Members are always very ethical." Juan was responding to which operationalization choice?

Accepted Answer

Juan was considering the range of variation by providing a scale that captures different levels of agreement or disagreement regarding the ethical behavior of members of Congress.

Question 19

Professor Tyler believes that her measure of authoritarianism is valid after finding that it varies,as predicted by theory,with child rearing practices and voting behavior.Tyler is relying on a _____ approach to validity.

Accepted Answer

Tyler is testing the validity of her measure of authoritarianism by seeing if it varies as predicted with other variables, such as child rearing practices and voting behavior. This is a key aspect of construct validity, which refers to the extent to which a measure actually assesses the construct(s) it is intended to measure. The fact that Tyler's measure varies as predicted with theoretically related variables provides evidence of construct validity.

Question 20

Professor Tyler wrote a proposal to study the impact of authoritarianism on child rearing practices.She began her research by reviewing the meaning of authoritarianism in the sociological and psychological literature.Based on this review,she formulated her own definition of authoritarianism.This process illustrates

Accepted Answer

The process of reviewing existing literature and formulating a personal definition of a concept refers to conceptualization. This is the first step in conducting research and involves defining the concepts that will be studied. Operationalization refers to the process of defining how a concept will be measured or observed. The interchangeability of indicators refers to the idea that different measures can be used to assess a single concept. Validity assessment refers to ensuring that the measures used in research actually measure what they are intended to measure. Reliability assessment refers to ensuring that the measures used in research are consistent and stable over time.

Quiz 5: Conceptualization, operationalization, and Measurement