Question 1

Based on the predictions of Prospect Theory, which of the following persuasive message should be the most effective?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Based on the predictions of Prospect Theory,...

Question 2

Which of the following messages is gain-framed?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following messages is gain-framed?
...

Question 3

Which of the following best describes cognitive dissonance theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes cognitive...

Question 4

Which of the following studies is based in cognitive dissonance theory?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive dissonance theory involves the discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, values, or emotional reactions). In choice D, adolescent girls engaging in activities that contradict any existing negative body image beliefs they might hold (such as the value of pursuing the thin ideal) could experience cognitive dissonance. This dissonance could lead them to change their attitudes or beliefs towards body image to reduce the discomfort, which aligns with the principles of cognitive dissonance theory. Choices A, B, and C do not directly involve inducing or resolving cognitive dissonance.

Question 5

As a child, Chris' parents gave him twenty-five cents every time he brushed his teeth. Based on hypothesis formulated from Attribution Theory, which of the following statements is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Attribution Theory suggests that if behavior is attributed to external rewards (like receiving twenty-five cents for brushing teeth), the behavior is less likely to continue once the reward is removed. This is because the motivation is seen as coming from outside the individual, rather than from internal factors such as personal hygiene or health.

Question 6

According to attribution theory, which of the following health promotion messages should be most effective?

Accepted Answer

Attribution theory suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in a behavior if they believe they have control over it. A message emphasizing a man's own responsibility (A) aligns with this by suggesting that personal action (regular self-exams) can directly impact their health, thereby making it more effective in promoting health behavior change.

Question 7

Many public service announcements on television use feature a famous actor or athlete urging people to avoid using drugs, driving under the influence, and cigarettes. These ad campaigns are based on what psychological theory?

Accepted Answer

These ad campaigns are based on the social learning theory, which suggests that people can learn behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions through observing others, especially those they consider role models or influential figures, such as famous actors or athletes.

Question 8

Which of the following persuasion techniques relies on operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior, where rewards are used to reinforce desired behaviors. Giving a child a small reward for eating healthy foods directly applies this principle by reinforcing the behavior of making healthy food choices.

Question 9

According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, _______, the extent to which a person believes he or she can engage in a particular behavior, is a powerful predictor of whether that person actually engages in the behavior.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy, according to Bandura's social cognitive theory, is the belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to manage prospective situations. It is a crucial determinant of how people think, behave, and feel, and it significantly influences whether a person will choose to take on a challenge and persist in the face of adversity.

Question 10

Many HIV-prevention programs try to increase condom use self-efficacy by demonstrating the proper way to put on a condom. These types of programs are grounded in what theoretical framework?

Accepted Answer

Social cognitive theory emphasizes the importance of observational learning, imitation, and modeling, which aligns with programs that demonstrate condom use to increase self-efficacy. This theory posits that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior. Demonstrating condom use helps individuals learn through observation, which is a key component of social cognitive theory.

Question 11

A message that is created to address a specific woman's concern about a mammogram is a _______ message whereas a message that is created to promote mammography in women in general is a ________ message.

Accepted Answer

A tailored message is designed to address the specific concerns or characteristics of an individual, while a targeted message is aimed at a broader group with shared characteristics.

Question 12

Which of the following broadcasters would be most effective in promoting condom use in African American women?

Accepted Answer

An African American woman would be most effective in promoting condom use among African American women due to shared cultural and gender identity, which can enhance message credibility and relatability.

Question 13

People with an ______ locus of control show better adjustment following a medical procedure when they receive _______ information.

Accepted Answer

People with an internal locus of control believe they have control over their own lives and outcomes. They show better adjustment when they receive specific information, as it allows them to understand and manage their situation more effectively.

Question 14

Which of the following smokers is most likely to NOT be smoking four months after an intervention?

Accepted Answer

Tailored interventions, which address specific individual barriers and benefits regarding behavior change, are generally more effective than generic interventions. Additionally, moderate smokers may find it easier to quit compared to heavy smokers due to potentially lower levels of nicotine dependence. Therefore, Martha, a moderate smoker who received a tailored intervention, is most likely to not be smoking four months after the intervention.

Question 15

Students who were strongly focused on ______ goals in their dating relationships had stronger attitudes toward, self-efficacy for, and intentions regarding condom use when they received a communication-skills intervention.

Accepted Answer

Intimacy goals in dating relationships are associated with stronger attitudes towards condom use, higher self-efficacy for using condoms, and stronger intentions to use condoms when individuals receive a communication-skills intervention. This is because focusing on intimacy goals likely emphasizes the importance of health and safety in maintaining close, personal relationships.

Question 16

Which of the following should lead to a DECREASE in disordered eating based on prior research?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following should lead to...

Question 17

Researchers in one study examined the effects of a storyline regarding hypertension that appeared on a popular medical drama, ER. This storyline depicted an African American teenager who was found to have hypertension and therefore advised to eat more fruits and vegetables and to get more exercise. Results showed that the storyline affected _____________

Accepted Answer

The storyline affected self-reported behavior change, knowledge, and attitudes, as it provided information and modeled positive health behaviors, leading to an increase in awareness and potentially influencing viewers to adopt healthier behaviors.

Question 18

Researchers examined the effectiveness of the "truth" anti-smoking campaign. Nationwide surveys of over 16,000 12 to 17-year-olds 8 months before and 15 months after this campaign started revealed

Accepted Answer

The "truth" anti-smoking campaign was effective in changing young people's attitudes and beliefs about tobacco industry practices, with those in markets with higher exposure reporting more negative views towards the industry.

Question 19

Create two emotional appeals (one positive, one negative) designed to prevent teenage pregnancy. Which one do you think would be more effective and why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Create two emotional appeals (one positive, one...

Question 20

Describe each of the following theories, and specifically how they can be used to create effective health-promotion interventions: prospect theory, attribution theory, and cognitive dissonance theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe each of the following theories, and...

Quiz 13: Designing Persuasive Interventions