Question 1

Describe how children's language develops in early childhood. Describe the progression of speech patterns from two-word phrases through the use of grammar in formulating sentences. List two effects of environment on language development, and give two suggestions for how parents and caregivers can enhance the development of language skills in their young children.
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Question 2

As children expand their world to the neighborhood around them, they also increase their opportunities for new kinds of activities. Describe five of the physical activities that young children participate in, and explain the hazards involved in participation. Give five suggestions about how parents and caregivers can keep children reasonably safe while still letting them take on some new challenges in negotiating their environment.
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Question 3

Temperament is defined as a person's characteristic, biologically based way of approaching and reacting to situations. Reports from nursing personnel support the notion that infants do show differences in temperament even in the hospital nursery. Tammy, for example, could be described as a quiet, somewhat docile baby while in the hospital nursery. Her roommate, Tina, in contrast, was described as a rather demanding baby who was difficult to soothe and not at all happy if her needs were not immediately addressed. When does the development of temperament begin? List and describe the characteristics of the three patterns of temperament. Identify which pattern best describes both Tammy and Tina. Describe the role that both genetic and environmental influences have on the development of individual styles of temperament in infants. Be sure to list examples of temperament in cross-cultural studies.
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Question 4

Erikson suggested that in the first 18 months of development infants face the first stage in personality development, which involved resolving the "crisis" of trust versus mistrust. Resolution of this crisis depends on several factors. Identify the factors that will support the development of trust. Define attachment and explain the role it plays in personality development. List three different patterns
 of attachment and describe their adaptive value for babies in ensuring that their psychosocial and biological needs will be met.
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Question 5

Nicole wants to continue to work after her son is born but is not getting much support from her extended family. Although they realize that it will be an enormous financial sacrifice, they believe that she belongs at home with her baby for the first three years. List the arguments for and against Nicole's decision to continue working. Describe the impact of daycare on the infant. Define and list important characteristics of "quality daycare."
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Question 6

The Millers are concerned about their baby girl. She has no notable physical defects, but she is the Millers' third child and even though she is only three weeks old, they feel things are just "not right." List two tests available to the Millers that will help them to evaluate their daughter's cognitive development. Describe how each of the measures assesses different qualities that we define as important in cognitive functioning. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of each measure and explain their predictive value and how well the assessment predicts later intelligence scores.
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Question 7

Summarize what research that has been revealed about brain development and its relationship to cognitive skills in infants. Give five examples of how social interaction with parents and caregivers contributes to infants' cognitive development.
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Question 8

Jonathan and his wife Marta are having their second child. Marta still has nightmares about the delivery of their first child in the hospital, so they are interested in either improving the standard hospital delivery situation or pursuing a different method of delivery. Please list three alternative birth methods that
might be available to Jonathan and Marta for the delivery of their second child. Describe the methods of delivery as well as the advantages and the disadvantages or risks associated with each method.

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Question 9

Infant mortality is higher in the United States than in many other developing countries, with the rate of mortality for African American babies almost double the rate of Caucasian babies. List two of the risk factors that babies face in the first year and give an example of each. List three specific dangers that low- birth-weight babies have to face during the early months after birth.

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Question 10

Describe two assessments available to newborns and infants in order to make early determinations of a baby's special needs. Identify three of the methods available to young mothers to enhance the survival rates of the infants.

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Question 11

The Murrays are a family of six. All of the children have certain similarities, but they are also quite different in many ways, even though they all grew up together in the same house. Explain why this is the case and give two specific examples of the role of genetics on development within this family unit. Identify the impact of nonshared environmental effects on the members of the family by explaining the effects of birth order, gender, parental influences, and sibling influences on the development of the children in the family.
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Question 12

Jeb and Monica are planning to have their first baby. Although Monica is not yet pregnant, the couple has contacted the doctor to discuss the kinds of things that they should consider in order to give their baby the best possible start. Please list two specific issues that these prospective parents should discuss with the doctor. List three specific prenatal influences that affect infant development during pregnancy, and identify three techniques that doctors can employ to assess a fetus's health and well-being.
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Question 13

Define dominant and recessive genes. List five characteristics that develop due to the interplay of genetically inherited factors. List and describe five birth defects and diseases that are a result of dominant/recessive genes, sex-linked inheritance, and gene mutations.
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Question 14

Professor Carney is interested in family factors that influence the development of children who commit violent and illegal acts in their early lives. He is also interested in the influences in a child's environment that may play a part in their violent behavior. List three research methods available to Professor Carney and identify the kinds of information he would be able to obtain by using each of these methods.
Compare both the advantages and the disadvantages of using each of these methods in the investigation of this particular topic.

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Question 15

List and describe each of the five theoretical perspectives discussed in your text. Select any developmental issue and explain how a person might look at the issue from each of the theoretical perspectives. (Some suggested issues are: eating disorders, family violence, sibling rivalry, drug abuse, gifted children, and children with ADHD.)

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Question 16

Marcus is designing a plan for a new preschool. List and define the three domains. Give one example of how a preschool program would address each domain as part of its day-to-day operations that he can submit to his school board for final approval.
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Question 17

List the periods of human development. For at least three of the periods, give an example of a cognitive, a psychosocial, and a physical event during the period that helps to define the particular period of development.
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Question 18

Define inherited influences and environmental influences on development. What are the differences between inherited influences and environmental influences? List and give examples of the effects of certain environmental influences on an individual's development.
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Quiz 1: Human Development

Summarize what research that has been revealed about brain development and its relationship to cognitive skills in infants. Give five examples of how social interaction with parents and caregivers contributes to infants' cognitive development. Answer will vary.

Describe two assessments available to newborns and infants in order to make early determinations of a baby's special needs. Identify three of the methods available to young mothers to enhance the survival rates of the infants.

Define dominant and recessive genes. List five characteristics that develop due to the interplay of genetically inherited factors. List and describe five birth defects and diseases that are a result of dominant/recessive genes, sex-linked inheritance, and gene mutations. Answer will vary.

Marcus is designing a plan for a new preschool. List and define the three domains. Give one example of how a preschool program would address each domain as part of its day-to-day operations that he can submit to his school board for final approval. Answer will vary.

List the periods of human development. For at least three of the periods, give an example of a cognitive, a psychosocial, and a physical event during the period that helps to define the particular period of development. Answer will vary.

Define inherited influences and environmental influences on development. What are the differences between inherited influences and environmental influences? List and give examples of the effects of certain environmental influences on an individual's development. Answer will vary.