Question 1

The tongue is classified as a muscular hydrostat, which means:

Accepted Answer

Muscular hydrostats, like the tongue, maintain a constant volume under pressure. This means that when the tongue moves—whether it's elongating, shortening, bending, or twisting—its volume does not change. This characteristic is fundamental to how muscular hydrostats function.

Question 2

The four regions of the tongue body include:

Accepted Answer

The four regions of the tongue body are correctly identified as the tip, blade, front, and back. These regions describe the parts of the tongue involved in articulating different sounds in speech.

Question 3

Isabella (1;2 years) was diagnosed with ankyloglossia. This means she has:

Accepted Answer

Ankyloglossia, commonly known as tongue-tie, is a condition present at birth that restricts the tongue's range of motion due to an unusually short, thick, or tight band of tissue (lingual frenulum) tethering the bottom of the tongue's tip to the floor of the mouth.

Question 4

Jacob (4;4 years) cannot elevate his the tongue towards his nose. He has no other difficulties with tongue movement. This means that he:

Accepted Answer

The ability to elevate the tongue towards the nose is not essential for the articulation of alveolar consonants /t, d, n/, which are produced by placing the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the upper front teeth. Therefore, Jacob's inability to perform this specific tongue movement does not necessarily indicate tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) or that he would have difficulties articulating these sounds.

Question 5

Omar (3;7 years) is multilingual-he speaks English and Arabic. He has tongue-tie. Therefore, during an initial assessment, the SLP should consider:

Accepted Answer

The SLP should assess Omar's ability to articulate alveolar consonants, as tongue-tie can affect tongue mobility, impacting sounds produced with the tongue tip.

Question 6

A bifid tongue can occur in children with:

Accepted Answer

Mohr's syndrome, also known as orofaciodigital syndrome type II, is a genetic disorder that can present with a bifid tongue among other craniofacial, oral, and digital anomalies.

Question 7

The philtrum is:

Accepted Answer

The philtrum is the vertical groove in the middle area of the upper lip, extending from the upper lip to the nasal septum.

Question 8

The type of teeth useful for crushing and grinding are:

Accepted Answer

Molars are the type of teeth that are useful for crushing and grinding. They have a large, flat surface that is covered in tiny ridges. These ridges help to grind food into smaller pieces, which makes it easier to digest.

Question 9

Tiffany is typically developing. She has lost three primary teeth, so is most likely:

Accepted Answer

Children typically start losing their primary (baby) teeth around the age of 5 to 7 years old. This process usually begins with the front teeth and continues until the child is about 12 years old, when most or all of their primary teeth have been replaced by permanent teeth.

Question 10

A bifid uvula can be a sign of a:

Accepted Answer

A bifid uvula can be a sign of a submucous cleft, which is a cleft of the soft palate that is covered by the lining of the mouth, making it less visible.

Question 11

Wendy (3;2 years) was born with a cleft of the soft palate. The cleft was surgically repaired, however, her speech is hypernasal. It is possible that Wendy has:

Accepted Answer

Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a condition where there is an inadequate closure of the velopharyngeal sphincter (soft palate muscle and the throat) during speech, leading to hypernasality. This is a common issue for individuals who have had a cleft palate repaired.

Question 12

The glottis refers to the:

Accepted Answer

The glottis is the space between the vocal folds, which are located in the larynx. This space is crucial for the production of sound, as it can be widened or narrowed to modulate the pitch and volume of the voice.

Question 13

Egressive consonants are produced:

Accepted Answer

Egressive consonants are produced during exhalation, which is the most common airflow mechanism for speech sounds across languages.

Question 14

Muhammad (3;2 years) has acute otitis media (AOM). Larry (3;4 years) has otitis media with effusion (OME). This most likely means that:

Accepted Answer

Acute otitis media (AOM) is characterized by signs and symptoms of infection and inflammation in the middle ear, often causing pain, whereas otitis media with effusion (OME) involves the presence of fluid in the middle ear without signs or symptoms of acute infection, typically not painful.

Question 15

The cranial nerves particularly important for movement of the tongue include:

Accepted Answer

The hypoglossal nerve (XII) is primarily responsible for motor control of the tongue. The trigeminal nerve (V) provides sensory innervation to the tongue and is involved in movements related to chewing, while the vagus nerve (X) plays a role in taste sensation and has some motor function in the tongue, particularly for swallowing.

Question 16

The bones of the middle ear include:

Accepted Answer

The bones of the middle ear are the malleus, incus, and stapes. These are also known as the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, respectively, but the correct anatomical terms are used in choice A.

Question 17

If a person has retrocochlear pathology it means, the person has a problem with:

Accepted Answer

Retrocochlear pathology refers to disorders that affect the auditory nerve or its connections beyond the cochlea, not the cochlea itself or structures within the middle ear.

Question 18

You are conducting a routine oral structure and function examination with Myra (4;5 years). With gloves on your hand, you feel her rugae, that is:

Accepted Answer

The rugae are the wrinkled membrane covering across the slope of the alveolar arch, which is found in the oral cavity. This structure helps in the movement and manipulation of food during chewing.

Question 19

Research examining frequency of clefts of the hard palate found that they were:

Accepted Answer

Clefts of the hard palate are more common in Asian and American Indian populations than in African-derived populations, reflecting a notable difference in the prevalence of this condition among different racial groups.

Question 20

An impairment of the facial (VII) nerve would most likely result in difficulty articulating which of the following consonants?

Accepted Answer

The facial nerve (VII) controls muscles of facial expression, which are important for articulating bilabial sounds like /p/.

Quiz 3: Articulatory Foundations of Speech