Question 1

In Scarr's dynamic model of gene-environment interaction, a child who drifts toward niches in the environment which fit her genotype illustrates

Accepted Answer

An active gene-environment relationship occurs when an individual actively seeks out or creates environments that are congruent with their genetic predispositions. This is what is described by a child drifting toward niches that fit her genotype.

Question 2

In Scarr's dynamic model of gene-environment interactions, the finding that biologically-unrelated siblings raised in the same home grow increasingly dissimilar with age can be explained by the concept of

Accepted Answer

Niche-picking refers to the process by which individuals select environments that complement their genetic predispositions. In Scarr's dynamic model, as children grow older, they have more freedom to choose their own environments and activities, leading to increased dissimilarity among non-biologically related siblings who share the same home environment but have different genetic predispositions.

Question 3

Nonshared environment is Plomin's concept that can explain why

Accepted Answer

Nonshared environment refers to the unique experiences and environments that siblings encounter individually, even when they are raised in the same household. This concept helps explain why siblings, despite sharing about 50% of their genes and growing up together, can still exhibit significant differences in their personalities, interests, and behaviors.

Question 4

Nonshared environmental variation refers to the idea that

Accepted Answer

Nonshared environmental variation refers to differences in environment and experiences among individuals in the same family, leading to differences in their development and traits. It highlights how individuals can respond or be affected differently by the same environment.

Question 5

According to __________, the child's biology (genes) and immediate environment contribute more equally and in greater interaction than considered by any other model of gene-environment interaction.

Accepted Answer

Bronfenbrenner and Ceci's Bioecological Model emphasizes the significant interaction between a child's biological makeup and their immediate environment, suggesting these factors contribute more equally and interact more dynamically than proposed by other models.

Question 6

Proximal processes are interactions between the child and the child's __________ (i.e., direct-contact) world.

Accepted Answer

Proximal processes refer to the interactions between a child and their immediate environment, which is defined as the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. This includes direct interactions with parents, peers, and teachers.

Question 7

How have new findings in genetics qualified the assumptions and predictions of Mendelian laws of inheritance?

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Question 8

What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project? Discuss the costs and potential benefits of the knowledge to be gleaned from this project.

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Question 9

Explain why genetic testing is so important and why so many parents are asking for this type of prenatal testing. Support your answer.

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Question 10

Explain the rationale of family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies in teasing apart the effects of environment and genetics.

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Question 11

How is it possible that monozygotic twins who are raised separately (therefore in different environments) are alike in many characteristics? Support your answer with scientific evidence.

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Question 12

Gottesman's Limit Setting Model, Scarr's Niche-Picking Model, Plomin's Environmental Genetics Model, and Bronfenbrenner and Ceci's Bioecological Model were developed to explain how genes and environment work together to determine any child's behaviour and development. Select two of these models, describe them, and then compare and contrast them.

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

Use Scarr's Niche-Picking Model to explain how two siblings growing up in the same household are so different.

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

Use Gottesman's Limit Setting Model to explain how monozygotic twins reared separately show different phenotypes.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 3: Genetics: The Biological Context of Development