Question 1

What term is used by Adler to describe people who compensate for feelings of inferiority with a drive for superiority?

Accepted Answer

Adler used the term "inferiority complex" to describe a condition where people feel inferior and overcompensate by striving for superiority.

Question 2

Who coined the term "identity crisis"?

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson coined the term "identity crisis" as part of his theory on the stages of psychosocial development.

Question 3

What kind of delinquency did August Aichorn find in youngsters whose personalities require them to seek immediate gratification, consider their needs above the needs of others, and satisfy instincts without considering right from wrong?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What kind of delinquency did August Aichorn...

Question 4

How do the majority of psychoanalysts view the criminal?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysts generally view criminals as id-dominated individuals who struggle to control their impulsive and pleasure-seeking drives, according to Freudian theory. This perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious desires and the failure to balance these with societal norms and morals.

Question 5

What drives neurotic offenders to criminality?

Accepted Answer

Neurotic offenders are often driven by an unconscious desire to be punished for prior sins, which is a manifestation of guilt and a complex psychological state. This desire for punishment can lead them to commit crimes as a form of self-punishment or to provoke society to punish them, reflecting deep-seated emotional conflicts rather than a rational choice for criminal behavior.

Question 6

What theory proposes that people alter their behaviour according to the reactions they receive from others?

Accepted Answer

Behavioural theory proposes that people alter their behaviour according to the reactions they receive from others.

Question 7

How does a behaviourist view crimes?

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists view crimes as learned experiences to life situations, emphasizing the role of environment and learned behaviors rather than innate tendencies or moral failings.

Question 8

Which social learning theorist believed that people are not born with the ability to act violently, but that they learn to be aggressive through life experiences?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura is known for his social learning theory, which posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. He believed that aggression is learned through the environment and observing others, rather than being an innate behavior.

Question 9

What are three principal sources of behaviour modelling?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

After what social event did David Phillips find the homicide rate increased?

Accepted Answer

David Phillips found that the homicide rate increased after a heavyweight boxing match.

Question 11

Overall, what do social learning theorists attribute violence to?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theorists argue that violence and aggressive behaviors are learned through observing others, either directly in one's environment or through media exposure. This perspective emphasizes the role of imitation and modeling in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors.

Question 12

Which of the following research findings would support social learning theory?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory suggests that people can learn behaviors through observing others and mimicking those actions, especially when those actions are seen to have positive outcomes. The finding that playing violent video games is related to an increase in aggressive behavior supports the idea that individuals can learn and adopt aggressive behaviors by observing and imitating the violence they see in video games.

Question 13

What theory would help explain a research finding that excessive playing of violent video games can cause young people to become aggressive?

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory suggests that people can learn behaviors, such as aggression, through observing others and then imitating those behaviors. This theory is applicable in explaining how exposure to violence in video games could lead to aggressive behavior in young people, as they may imitate the violent actions they observe in the games.

Question 14

Which branch of the cognitive perspective focuses on the way people process, store, encode, retrieve, and manipulate information to make decisions and solve problems?

Accepted Answer

The information processing approach within the cognitive perspective emphasizes how individuals focus on the way information is processed, stored, encoded, retrieved, and manipulated to make decisions and solve problems. This approach is akin to understanding the mind as a computer that processes information.

Question 15

According to the moral-intellectual branch of cognitive theory, what is wrong with criminals?

Accepted Answer

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Question 16

Which theory suggests that people who obey the law simply to avoid punishment or who are self-interested are more likely to commit crimes than those who view the law as something that benefits all of society and who sympathize with the rights of others?

Accepted Answer

Moral development theory, particularly as proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, suggests that individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning. Those at lower stages obey laws mainly to avoid punishment (pre-conventional level) or for instrumental purposes and self-interest (conventional level), while those at higher stages see laws as based on social contracts and universal ethical principles, including the rights of others (post-conventional level). This theory implies that individuals at lower stages of moral development are more likely to commit crimes if they believe they can avoid punishment or if it serves their self-interest.

Question 17

What approach says that hostile children may have learned improper scripts by observing how others react to events?

Accepted Answer

Information processing theory suggests that individuals learn how to respond to situations based on the information they have processed from their environment, including observing others. Hostile children may have learned aggressive scripts by watching how others react to events, leading to improper or aggressive responses in similar situations.

Question 18

Which theoretical perspective would research discussing repression most likely be aligned with?

Accepted Answer

Repression is a concept most closely associated with the psychodynamic theory, which was developed by Sigmund Freud. This theory focuses on the role of unconscious processes and childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

Question 19

Which theory has been used to explain date rape in the sense that a male's forcible rape of a female is a misunderstanding of her intentions and wishes?

Accepted Answer

The information processing theory has been used to explain date rape by suggesting that a male's forcible rape of a female can be a result of misunderstanding her intentions and wishes. This theory focuses on how individuals perceive, analyze, and interpret information in their environment, which can lead to misinterpretations in social interactions.

Question 20

Which theory suggests that an individual's unconscious personality is developed in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic theory, primarily associated with Sigmund Freud, suggests that an individual's personality is largely formed by early childhood experiences and operates on an unconscious level.

Quiz 6: Trait Theories