Question 1

As __________,length of life increases.

Accepted Answer

Higher education and income levels are positively correlated with increased access to healthcare, better nutrition, and overall healthier lifestyles, all of which contribute to increased life expectancy. The other options are not supported by research.

Question 2

After age 80,a life expectancy crossover occurs in that __________.

Accepted Answer

Surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority after age 80, a phenomenon known as the "mortality crossover." This suggests that African Americans who live past 80 tend to have a higher life expectancy than their white counterparts, possibly due to a variety of social, environmental, and genetic factors that have yet to be fully understood.

Question 3

The __________,along with women's reduced risk taking and physical aggression,are believed to be responsible for the female advantage in average life expectancy.

Accepted Answer

The protective value of the extra X chromosome is believed to be responsible for the female advantage in average life expectancy, as it contains genes that contribute to the immune system and protect against certain diseases. Gender differences in alcohol consumption and preventative health care may play a role, but they are not the primary factors. There is no extra Y chromosome in females, so option C is incorrect.

Question 4

David,a European-American male born in 1950,is likely to live 2 to 3 years __________ born the same year.

Accepted Answer

David, a European-American male born in 1950, is likely to live longer than Isaac, an African-American male born the same year, due to historical disparities in life expectancy between African-American males and European-American males.

Question 5

Which male has the lowest healthy life expectancy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which male has the lowest healthy life...

Question 6

Wanda,age 77,has difficulty shopping,paying her bills,and preparing food.Wanda needs help with __________.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) include tasks such as shopping, paying bills, and preparing food. These tasks require a higher level of cognitive functioning and are necessary for independent living, especially for older adults. Activities of daily living (ADLs) refer to basic self-care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating, while primary and secondary activities of active functioning are not commonly used terms in this context.

Question 7

When researchers estimate average healthy life expectancy,__________ ranks first.

Accepted Answer

According to various studies and reports, Japan consistently ranks first in terms of average healthy life expectancy. For instance, as per World Health Organization (WHO) data for 2016, Japanese people could expect to live for an average of 74.5 years in good health. Other studies also find Japan to have the highest healthy life expectancy, owing to factors like a healthy diet, active lifestyle, and well-functioning healthcare system.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about hearing loss in late adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Hearing loss in late adulthood can affect a person's ability to hear important sounds, such as fire alarms or car horns, which can impact their safety. It can also make it harder to communicate with others, leading to social isolation and a decrease in enjoyment of life.

B, C, and D are all incorrect. Hearing loss can impact self-care, but vision loss may have a more significant impact. As hearing declines, older people may report lower self-efficacy. Older people with hearing loss may actually have a smaller social network due to communication difficulties.

Question 9

In late life,more women than men report being __________ impaired,and more men than women __________ impaired.

Accepted Answer

According to research and studies, in late life, women are more likely to report visual impairment while men are more likely to report hearing impairment. Therefore, option A is the best choice as it correctly identifies the impairment differences between men and women.

Question 10

In longitudinal studies,the __________ tends to show greater shrinkage than the __________.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies have shown that the prefrontal cortex tends to show greater shrinkage than the occipital lobe over time. This may be due to the prefrontal cortex being more affected by age-related changes in white matter integrity and neural pathways.

Question 11

__________ affect(s)25 percent of people in their seventies and 50 percent of those in their eighties.

Accepted Answer

Cataracts affect 25 percent of people in their seventies and 50 percent of those in their eighties, causing clouding of the eye's lens.

Question 12

Older adults have a greater __________.

Accepted Answer

As people age, their sense of taste and smell decline. While they may still be able to taste sweet and salty foods, they may have difficulty recognizing familiar foods by taste alone, leading to a decreased enjoyment of food. Additionally, their sense of smell may decline, making it more difficult to detect rancid food. However, sensitivity to sour and bitter tastes may actually increase with age.

Question 13

Improved nutrition,medical treatment,sanitation,and safety have contributed to the dramatic gains in average __________ in the United States in the last 100 years.

Accepted Answer

Improved nutrition, medical treatment, sanitation, and safety have contributed to a decrease in preventable deaths and allowed people to live longer, leading to an increase in average life expectancy. It is important to note that life expectancy does not necessarily reflect individual health or quality of life, but rather the statistical average of a population's lifespan.

Question 14

Centenarians __________.

Accepted Answer

The statement "usually have grandparents, parents, and siblings who reached very old age" is consistent with the concept of familial longevity, in which the presence of long-lived relatives is associated with increased likelihood of reaching a very old age. A and B are incorrect, as centenarians are typically more likely to be female and have better oral health compared to other older adults. C is also incorrect, as centenarians have been found to have genetic variations associated with a better functioning immune system.

Question 15

Which statement is true about the maximum lifespan of humans?

Accepted Answer

Gains in average life expectancy are largely the result of reducing health risks in the first 20 or 30 years. While medical advancements have helped to reduce overall mortality rates, they have had less impact on increasing the maximum lifespan of humans. It is estimated that the maximum lifespan of humans is around 115 years.

Question 16

Once people pass __________ years,the contribution of heredity to length of life decreases in favor of environmental factors.

Accepted Answer

As people age, particularly after 75 to 80 years, environmental factors such as lifestyle and healthcare become more significant in determining longevity than genetic factors.

Question 17

__________ is/are evident in up to 80 percent of adults after age 80.

Accepted Answer

Reduced sensitivity to taste is common in older adults, with up to 80 percent experiencing it after age 80.

Question 18

Ebony,age 88,appears younger than her 77-year-old sister,Desiree.However,Desiree remains active mentally,whereas Ebony finds it difficult to complete familiar tasks.The sisters' actual competence and performance in dealing with life's challenges indicate their __________ age.

Accepted Answer

The description given about the sisters' abilities and challenges suggests that their functional age, or their actual competence and performance in daily life, differs from their chronological age (their actual age in years). Therefore, the best choice is C) functional age. A) social age typically refers to an individual's position in society, which is not necessarily related to their abilities or health. B) biological age is often used to describe an individual's health status, but the information given does not provide enough information about their physical health.

Question 19

Of all hearing difficulties,the __________ has the greatest impact on life satisfaction.

Accepted Answer

Age-related decline in speech perception can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate effectively with others, which can lead to social isolation and decreased quality of life. In contrast, the other options may cause difficulties in specific situations but are less likely to have such a wide-ranging impact on overall life satisfaction.

Question 20

Robust centenarians are __________.

Accepted Answer

The term "robust" implies physical health, and there is no indication that centenarians of any specific build are more likely to be robust. However, the description of emotional security and toughness aligns with the idea of robustness in aging. The other options (C and D) are contradicted by the use of the term "robust."

Quiz 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late Adulthood