Question 1

Who formulated a highly influential theory of attachment?

Accepted Answer

John Bowlby's view of attachment is still influential today.

Question 2

A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present, then when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A secure attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child uses the mother as a kind of home base and is at ease when she is present; when she leaves, the child becomes upset and goes to her as soon as she returns.

Question 3

A style of attachment in which a child does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she has left, the child does not seem distressed and seems to avoid her when she returns as if angered by her behavior, is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The avoidant attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child does not seek proximity to the mother; after she has left, the child does not seem distressed and seems to avoid her when she returns as if angered by her behavior.

Question 4

During the Strange Situation, 15-month-old Sean stays close to mom. When mom leaves the room, he cries. He notices when mom returns to the room, and he wants to be near her. But when she picks him up, he tries to get away by pushing her. How would you classify Sean's attachment to his mother?

Accepted Answer

An ambivalent attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child displays a combination of positive and negative reactions to the mother; the child shows great distress when the mother leaves, but on her return the child may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

Question 5

Brynn, a 12-month-old girl, uses mom as a secure base and appears to be happy when mom is near. If mom leaves, Brynn cries. How would you classify Brynn's attachment to her mother?

Accepted Answer

A secure attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child uses the mother as a kind of home base and is at ease when she is present; when she leaves, the child becomes upset and goes to her as soon as she returns.

Question 6

When 16-month-old Thomas is near his mommy, he displays a range of emotions. Sometimes he is fearful. At times, he appears dazed and confused. He seems to struggle with the stress of the Strange Situation. How would you classify Thomas's attachment to his mother?

Accepted Answer

A disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child shows inconsistent and often contradictory behavior.

Question 7

Emmy, a 14-month-old girl, is extremely passive. If dad is in the same room, she may or may not notice him. When dad leaves the room, she does not cry. How would you classify Emmy's attachment to her father?

Accepted Answer

The avoidant attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child does not seek proximity to the mother; after she has left, the child does not seem distressed and seems to avoid her when she returns as if angered by her behavior.

Question 8

Children who are classified as __________ are high in seeking proximity to their caregivers and high in resisting contact with their caregivers.

Accepted Answer

An ambivalent attachment pattern is a style of attachment in which a child displays a combination of positive and negative reactions to the mother; the child shows great distress when the mother leaves, but on her return the child may simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her.

Question 9

Twelve-month-old Madeline frequently crawls off in search of toys, only to return briefly to share her newfound toys with her mother. Madeline is using her mother as a __________.

Accepted Answer

In describing secure attachment, the mother is described as a secure base from which the infant feels comfortable exploring.

Question 10

Mothers of securely attached infants respond in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

Mothers of securely attached infants do not withhold comfort. They are responsive during face-to-face interactions, provide feeding "on demand," and are warm and affectionate to their infants.

Question 11

According to Bowlby, when 1-year-old Hannah becomes upset, she will prefer to be comforted by __________.

Accepted Answer

Bowlby believed that Hannah would prefer to be comforted by her mother because he believed that mothers are uniquely equipped, biologically, to provide sustenance for the child, and he concluded that this capability led to the development of a special relationship between mothers and children.

Question 12

Research suggests that mothers and fathers play differently with their children. Mothers tend to play __________, whereas fathers tend to play __________.

Accepted Answer

Parents play with babies differently. Mothers tend to play more traditional games that have more verbal elements, while fathers tend to play more rough-and-tumble activities with their children.

Question 13

The model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The mutual regulation model is a model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately.

Question 14

A process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants, is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal socialization is a process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants.

Question 15

Erikson's theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others'- and their own-behavior is known as Erikson's theory of __________.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others', and their own, behavior.

Question 16

According to Erikson, when parents positively meet the needs of their infants in a timely and loving manner, the infant will develop a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers.

Question 17

Six-month-old Trey never knows when his next bottle will appear or when his diaper will be changed. According to Erikson, Trey's inconsistent care may result in him developing a sense of __________.

Accepted Answer

The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers.

Question 18

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the period during which toddlers develop independence if they are allowed the freedom to explore. This stage is referred to as __________.

Accepted Answer

The autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage is the period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed freedom to explore or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Question 19

Often toddlers around the age of 2 are described as being in the "terrible twos." This categorization is simply a result of a toddler's attempt to resolve the second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, or __________.

Accepted Answer

The autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage is the period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed freedom to explore or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.

Question 20

According to Erikson, toddlers who are allowed the freedom to explore within safe boundaries develop a feeling of __________.

Accepted Answer

Children develop independence and autonomy if parents encourage exploration and freedom within safe boundaries. However, if children are restricted or overly protected, they feel shame, self-doubt, and unhappiness.

Quiz 7: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

Who formulated a highly influential theory of attachment?

A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present, then when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns is called __________.

A style of attachment in which a child does not seek proximity to the mother and, after she has left, the child does not seem distressed and seems to avoid her when she returns as if angered by her behavior, is called __________.

During the Strange Situation, 15-month-old Sean stays close to mom. When mom leaves the room, he cries. He notices when mom returns to the room, and he wants to be near her. But when she picks him up, he tries to get away by pushing her. How would you classify Sean's attachment to his mother?

Brynn, a 12-month-old girl, uses mom as a secure base and appears to be happy when mom is near. If mom leaves, Brynn cries. How would you classify Brynn's attachment to her mother?

When 16-month-old Thomas is near his mommy, he displays a range of emotions. Sometimes he is fearful. At times, he appears dazed and confused. He seems to struggle with the stress of the Strange Situation. How would you classify Thomas's attachment to his mother?

Emmy, a 14-month-old girl, is extremely passive. If dad is in the same room, she may or may not notice him. When dad leaves the room, she does not cry. How would you classify Emmy's attachment to her father?

Children who are classified as __________ are high in seeking proximity to their caregivers and high in resisting contact with their caregivers.

Twelve-month-old Madeline frequently crawls off in search of toys, only to return briefly to share her newfound toys with her mother. Madeline is using her mother as a __________.

Mothers of securely attached infants respond in which of the following ways?

According to Bowlby, when 1-year-old Hannah becomes upset, she will prefer to be comforted by __________.

Research suggests that mothers and fathers play differently with their children. Mothers tend to play , whereas fathers tend to play .

The model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately is called __________.

A process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants, is called __________.

Erikson's theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others'- and their own-behavior is known as Erikson's theory of __________.

According to Erikson, when parents positively meet the needs of their infants in a timely and loving manner, the infant will develop a sense of __________.

Six-month-old Trey never knows when his next bottle will appear or when his diaper will be changed. According to Erikson, Trey's inconsistent care may result in him developing a sense of __________.

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is the period during which toddlers develop independence if they are allowed the freedom to explore. This stage is referred to as __________.

Often toddlers around the age of 2 are described as being in the "terrible twos." This categorization is simply a result of a toddler's attempt to resolve the second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, or __________.

According to Erikson, toddlers who are allowed the freedom to explore within safe boundaries develop a feeling of __________.