Question 1

Possible indicators for prenatal exposure to androgens in humans include​ 
A)height. 
B)sexual frequency. 
C)otoacoustic emissions and finger length. 
D)symmetry.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that prenatal exposure to androgens in humans can lead to changes in otoacoustic emissions (sounds generated by the inner ear) and finger length. Women who were exposed to higher levels of androgens in the womb tend to have longer ring fingers compared to their index fingers. In males, exposure to higher levels of androgens in the womb tends to result in symmetrical finger length. Height and sexual frequency are not reliable indicators of prenatal androgen exposure.

Question 2

Sex hormones are​ 
A)proteins. 
B)steroids, because they are synthesized from proteins. 
C)amino acids. 
D)steroids, because they are synthesized from cholesterol.

Accepted Answer

Sex hormones are steroids because they are synthesized from cholesterol. Steroids are a type of lipid, not a type of protein or amino acid.

Question 3

Lauren was excited to go shopping for new clothes before starting middle school,but she was surprised to find out that she suddenly needed to shop in the juniors section instead of the children's section.The most likely explanation for this change is that​ 
A)Lauren is going through puberty, and her increased estradiol levels are changing the amount and distribution of fat on her body. 
B)Lauren spent too much time over the summer eating fatty snacks in front of the television. 
C)Lauren has been exposed to high levels of synthetic hormones, and she is beginning to go through puberty at an abnormally early age. 
D)Lauren is going through puberty, and her increased levels of 5-alpha reductase are changing the amount and distribution of fat on her body.

Accepted Answer

The most likely explanation for Lauren's need to shop in the juniors section instead of the children's section is that she is going through puberty, and her increased estradiol levels are changing the amount and distribution of fat on her body. This is a normal part of development for girls during adolescence.

Question 4

The process of aromatization transforms​ 
A)estradiol into testosterone. 
B)testosterone into estradiol. 
C)testosterone into 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone. 
D)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone into testosterone.

Accepted Answer

The process of aromatization involves the conversion of testosterone into estradiol, which is a form of estrogen. Therefore, the correct answer is choice B.

Question 5

In the absence of sufficient quantities of 5-alpha-reductase​ 
A)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is not converted into testosterone, and external genitalia are not masculinized in the fetus. 
B)testosterone is not converted into 5-alpha-dihydrotesterone, and external genitalia are not masculinized in the fetus. 
C)5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is not converted into testosterone, and internal organs are not masculinized in the fetus. 
D)testosterone is not converted into 5-alpha-dihydrotesterone, and internal organs are not masculinized in the fetus.

Accepted Answer

In the absence of sufficient quantities of 5-alpha-reductase, testosterone is not converted into 5-alpha-dihydrotesterone, and external genitalia are not masculinized in the fetus.

Question 6

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,_________ external genitalia at birth become _________ at puberty.​ 
A)ambiguous; masculinized 
B)ambiguous; feminized 
C)masculine; feminized 
D)feminine; masculinized

Accepted Answer

5-alpha-reductase deficiency leads to ambiguous external genitalia at birth due to impaired conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). At puberty, increased testosterone levels can cause masculinization of the external genitalia.

Question 7

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,internal organs​ 
A)fail to develop in either the male or female pattern. 
B)develop in the normal female pattern. 
C)develop in the normal male pattern. 
D)develop both the normal female and male patterns.

Accepted Answer

5-alpha-reductase deficiency interrupts the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is required for male sexual differentiation. As a result, internal organs develop in the normal male pattern, while external genitalia may be ambiguous or appear female.

Question 8

The quantity of androgens produced by females is about _________ percent of the quantity produced by males.​ 
A)10 
B)25 
C)33 
D)50

Accepted Answer

Females produce about 10 percent of the quantity of androgens that males produce.

Question 9

Skeletal growth is slowed by​ 
A)testosterone in males and estradiol in females. 
B)estradiol in males and testosterone in females. 
C)testosterone in both males and females. 
D)estradiol in both males and females.

Accepted Answer

Estradiol is the primary hormone responsible for the closure of the epiphyseal growth plates in both males and females, thereby slowing skeletal growth. Testosterone may also have a minor role, but this effect is more pronounced in females with excessive testosterone levels.

Question 10

Children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency are usually​ 
A)raised as girls and they retain female identity at puberty. 
B)raised as boys, but they take on female identity at puberty. 
C)raised as girls, but they take on male identity at puberty. 
D)raised as boys and they retain male identity at puberty.

Accepted Answer

Children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency are born with male anatomy but do not have the ability to fully convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), resulting in ambiguous genitalia. Therefore, they are typically raised as girls and given female gender assignments. However, at puberty, some individuals with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency may experience masculinization and begin to identify as male, leading to a male gender identity.

Question 11

The toy preferences observed in male and female children support the idea that​ 
A)gender differences in toy selection are primarily the result of socialization, not biology. 
B)gender differences in toy selection are at least partly determined by biology. 
C)there are no gender differences in toy selection until children are the age of 18-24 months. 
D)gender differences in toy selection appear early in development, but then decrease as children enter elementary school.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that there are some biological factors that may influence toy preferences in males and females, such as differences in levels of prenatal androgens. However, socialization also plays a significant role in shaping children's toy preferences. Therefore, choice B is the best option as it acknowledges the influence of both biology and socialization on gender differences in toy selection.

Question 12

Estrogens are produced by​ 
A)females only. 
B)males only. 
C)males and females in about the same amounts. 
D)males and females in different amounts.

Accepted Answer

Estrogens are hormones that are present in both males and females but in different amounts. Females have higher levels of estrogen, which is produced mainly in the ovaries, while males have much lower levels produced primarily in the testes.

Question 13

Male and female rats show differences in the​ 
A)hippocampus. 
B)SDN-POA. 
C)INAH-3. 
D)INAH-3 and SNB.

Accepted Answer

Male and female rats show differences in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA), with males having a larger SDN-POA than females. The hippocampus (A) and INAH-3 (C) have also been implicated in sexual behavior and show differences between male and female rats, but the SDN-POA difference is more well-established. SNB (D) is not typically studied in relation to sexual behavior in rats.

Question 14

What is "2D:4D?" 
A)The ratio of one's index finger length (2nd digit) to their ring finger length (4th digit). 
B)The ratio at which dopamine receptors fire in the 2nd cerebral lobe to the 4th cerebral lobe. 
C)The ratio of sexual dimorphism in twins (2) to that of quadruplets (4) 
D)The rate of androgen release in the second trimester of pregnancy (2) to the first "trimester" of life after birth (4).

Accepted Answer

2D:4D refers to the ratio of the length of one's index finger (2nd digit) to their ring finger (4th digit). This ratio has been linked to prenatal exposure to androgens and has been studied as a potential indicator of various physical and behavioral traits.

Question 15

The performance of women on spatial tasks is​ 
A)constant across the menstrual cycle. 
B)best when estrogen levels are high. 
C)best when progesterone levels are high. 
D)best when testosterone levels are high.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that women tend to perform better on spatial tasks when their testosterone levels are higher. Testosterone is linked to spatial abilities in both men and women, though the mechanisms are not fully understood.

Question 16

When Anita was 10 years old,she was the tallest girl in her fourth grade class.She also began to menstruate when she was 10 years old.Given what we know about the effects of estradiol,we can expect that at age 17,Anita will be​ 
A)one of the tallest girls in her class, because she started growing so early. 
B)quite obese, because estradiol tends to make women fat. 
C)not much taller than she was at 10 years old. 
D)very popular among her female peers, because she matured so early.

Accepted Answer

The effects of estradiol on growth tend to be most significant during puberty, but Anita has already gone through puberty since she began menstruating at age 10. Therefore, it is unlikely that she will experience significant growth beyond what she has already achieved.

Question 17

In males at puberty,sperm production is regulated by​ 
A)estradiol. 
B)FSH. 
C)LH. 
D)LH, FSH, and testosterone.

Accepted Answer

Sperm production in males at puberty is regulated by a complex interplay of hormones. The primary hormones involved in this process are luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone. LH stimulates the Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which is necessary for the development of sperm. FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells in the testes, which support the developing sperm cells. Together, LH, FSH, and testosterone work to regulate sperm production and maintain male reproductive function. Estradiol does not play a significant role in this process.

Question 18

Masculine play behavior and toy selection among young girls is correlated with​ 
A)paternal androgen levels. 
B)maternal androgen levels. 
C)paternal estradiol levels. 
D)maternal estradiol levels.

Accepted Answer

Masculine play behavior and toy selection in girls has been linked to higher levels of androgens (such as testosterone) in their mothers during pregnancy. There is little evidence to suggest that paternal hormone levels have a direct impact on their daughters' toy preferences or play behavior.

Question 19

During his freshman year at a college far from home,James wrote home frequently asking for more money for clothes,as he was continuing to grow taller.His father thought James was just responding to peer pressure,but his mother,a physician,pointed out that it was likely that James was really still growing because he had​ 
A)gone through puberty somewhat later than most of his peers. 
B)Turner syndrome. 
C)congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). 
D)gone through puberty somewhat earlier than most of his peers.

Accepted Answer

The fact that James is still growing taller suggests that he may still be going through puberty, and the later onset of puberty compared to his peers would explain this growth. Turner syndrome and CAH are medical conditions that may also affect growth, but there is no indication in the text that James has either of these conditions. Therefore, choice A is the best answer.

Question 20

Male and female human brains​ 
A)show no sexual dimorphism. 
B)are sexually dimorphic in the SDN-POA, with males having the larger version. 
C)are sexually dimorphic in the INAH-3, with females having the larger version. 
D)are sexually dimorphic in the amount of white matter in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Male and female human brains​ 
A)show no sexual...

Quiz 10: Sexual Behavior

Possible indicators for prenatal exposure to androgens in humans include

Sex hormones are

Lauren was excited to go shopping for new clothes before starting middle school,but she was surprised to find out that she suddenly needed to shop in the juniors section instead of the children's section.The most likely explanation for this change is that

The process of aromatization transforms

In the absence of sufficient quantities of 5-alpha-reductase

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,_ external genitalia at birth become _ at puberty.

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,internal organs

The quantity of androgens produced by females is about _________ percent of the quantity produced by males.

Skeletal growth is slowed by

Children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency are usually

The toy preferences observed in male and female children support the idea that

Estrogens are produced by

Male and female rats show differences in the

What is "2D:4D?"

The performance of women on spatial tasks is

When Anita was 10 years old,she was the tallest girl in her fourth grade class.She also began to menstruate when she was 10 years old.Given what we know about the effects of estradiol,we can expect that at age 17,Anita will be

In males at puberty,sperm production is regulated by

Masculine play behavior and toy selection among young girls is correlated with

Male and female human brains

Quiz 10: Sexual Behavior

Possible indicators for prenatal exposure to androgens in humans include​

Sex hormones are​

Lauren was excited to go shopping for new clothes before starting middle school,but she was surprised to find out that she suddenly needed to shop in the juniors section instead of the children's section.The most likely explanation for this change is that​

The process of aromatization transforms​

In the absence of sufficient quantities of 5-alpha-reductase​

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,_________ external genitalia at birth become _________ at puberty.​

In cases of 5-alpha-reductase deficiency,internal organs​

The quantity of androgens produced by females is about _________ percent of the quantity produced by males.​

Skeletal growth is slowed by​

Children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency are usually​

The toy preferences observed in male and female children support the idea that​

Estrogens are produced by​

Male and female rats show differences in the​