Question 1

Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.​ 
A)short-term 
B)semantic 
C)episodic 
D)procedural

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is the type of memory that involves remembering events and experiences that are personal to an individual. Distinguishing fantasy from reality likely involves this type of memory, as it requires an understanding of past events and experiences and the ability to differentiate them from imaginary scenarios. Short-term memory and procedural memory are less likely to be involved in this process, as they primarily deal with the temporary storage of information and the ability to carry out motor skills, respectively. Semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts, and while it may play a small role in distinguishing fantasy from reality, it is not the primary type of memory involved.

Question 2

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)might someday be prevented by 
A)the injection of propanolol, which blocks glucocorticoids. 
B)the injection of propanolol, which activates glucocorticoids. 
C)injections of glucocorticoids. 
D)injections of glutamate agonists.

Accepted Answer

PTSD is often associated with overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent release of stress hormones, including glucocorticoids. Propanolol is a beta-adrenergic blocker that has been shown to block the effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation, potentially preventing the formation of traumatic memories that can lead to PTSD. Therefore, the injection of propanolol that blocks glucocorticoids might someday be used for the prevention of PTSD.

Question 3

Short-term memory appears to require maturity in the​ 
A)dorsomedial thalamus. 
B)hippocampus. 
C)anterior thalamus. 
D)prefrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for working memory and attention, which are crucial components of short-term memory. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop throughout childhood and adolescence, which suggests that maturity is required for optimal short-term memory function. The other brain regions listed are also involved in memory processes, but they are not specifically associated with short-term memory.

Question 4

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the​ 
A)parietal lobes. 
B)prefrontal cortex 
C)medial temporal lobes. 
D)fornix.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is involved in the retrieval of contextual details of memories, and damage to this area can lead to source amnesia, where individuals can remember information but not the context in which it was acquired.

Question 5

Jeremy is an experienced professional sprinter who is confident in his technique and preparation.As his stress levels increase during an important competition,it is likely that his performance will​ 
A)continue to improve. 
B)decrease. 
C)improve at first, but after his stress reaches a certain point, his performance will decrease. 
D)decrease at first, but after his stress reaches a certain point, his performance will improve.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jeremy is an experienced professional sprinter who...

Question 6

James constantly asks his friend Rob to tell him what the professor just said in lecture,because James has much more trouble remembering verbal information long enough to write it down in his notes.It is likely that James​ 
A)has some type of mild brain damage. 
B)is more likely than Rob to use simple repetition to remember verbal material. 
C)experiences more activation of his anterior cingulate cortex than Rob during verbal tasks. 
D)is more likely than Rob to use semantic strategies during short-term verbal memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

James has more trouble remembering verbal information long enough to write it down in his notes, which suggests that he may have difficulties with short-term memory. Option B suggests that James is more likely to use simple repetition to remember verbal material, which is a common strategy for improving short-term memory. The options A, C, and D do not have any support in the given scenario.

Question 7

The emotional and declarative aspects of a memory for a stressful event​ 
A)are both a result of activity in the hippocampus. 
B)are both a result of activity in the amygdala. 
C)are the result of independent activity in the amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. 
D)result when activity in the hippocampus inhibits activity in the amygdala.

Accepted Answer

The emotional aspects of a memory for a stressful event are a result of activity in the amygdala, while the declarative aspects are a result of activity in the hippocampus. These two brain regions operate independently during the formation of memories, although they do communicate with each other.

Question 8

Your great uncle recently had a stroke,and there have been some subtle differences in his behavior.For example,you were playing checkers,and he was doing fine.But when your checker was "kinged" and could therefore move according to a different set of rules,he didn't seem to be able to adjust.When you asked him if he realized what the rules said,he did,but he continued to play as if he didn't.Considering what you learned about brain areas and memory,what part of his brain would you suspect has damage?​ 
A)the hippocampus 
B)the diencephalon 
C)the prefrontal cortex 
D)the parietal lobe

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions such as decision making, problem-solving, and strategizing. It also plays a critical role in regulating behavior and adapting to changing circumstances. Therefore, damage to this area of the brain can result in difficulties in adjusting to new situations, like the change in rules when a checker is "kinged."

Question 9

Areas of the brain that may be involved with episodic memories include the​ 
A)prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. 
B)prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. 
C)medial temporal lobe and the occipital lobe. 
D)medial temporal lobe and the anterior cingulate cortex.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex are both involved in episodic memory. The prefrontal cortex is involved in the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories, while the posterior cingulate cortex is involved in the consolidation of episodic memories.

Question 10

As healthy people age,most measures of cognitive functions,including learning and memory:​ 
A)become gradually worse. 
B)remain stable. 
C)become gradually better. 
D)remain stable until about age 65, at which time they become dramatically worse.

Accepted Answer

Most measures of cognitive functions including learning and memory are likely to remain stable in healthy individuals as they age. However, some decline in processing speed and attention may occur with age. It's important to note that cognitive decline is not an inevitable part of aging, and lifestyle factors such as exercise and cognitive stimulation can support cognitive health in older adults.

Question 11

You walk into a room and see someone you know you've met before,but you have no idea when or where you met this person.Which of the following phenomena can best explain this?​ 
A)retrograde amnesia 
B)Alzheimer's disease 
C)source amnesia 
D)faulty short-term memory

Accepted Answer

Source amnesia refers to the inability to remember where or how previously learned information was acquired, which may explain why the person cannot remember where or when they met the individual in the room. Retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to recall past memories, Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia that affects memory and cognitive function, and faulty short-term memory refers to difficulty retaining new information in the short term.

Question 12

The formation of procedural memories may involve activity in the​ 
A)dorsomedial thalamus. 
B)anterior thalamus. 
C)striatum. 
D)hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The striatum is a critical part of the brain involved in the formation of procedural memories, which are memories of the skills and procedures we perform automatically.

Question 13

The prefrontal cortex manages decision-making,planning,and other coping skills during a stressful event when dopamine and norepinephrine levels are​ 
A)moderate. 
B)low. 
C)high. 
D)first high, then drop off gradually.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex functions optimally when dopamine and norepinephrine levels are moderate. Too much or too little of these neurotransmitters can impair decision-making, planning, and coping skills during a stressful event.

Question 14

Samantha's grandfather has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Samantha knows that Parkinson's disease affects the basal ganglia,so she is able to tell her grandfather that he is likely to experience​ 
A)little if any memory impairment. 
B)problems with procedural memories, but not declarative memories. 
C)problems with declarative memories, but not procedural memories. 
D)problems with both declarative and procedural memories.

Accepted Answer

Parkinson's disease primarily affects the basal ganglia, which is involved in procedural memories, such as motor skills and habits. Therefore, individuals with Parkinson's disease may experience problems with procedural memories, but typically maintain intact declarative memories.

Question 15

Important attentional aspects of short-term memory require activation in the​ 
A)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. 
B)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex. 
C)hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex. 
D)hippocampus and the posterior cingulate cortex.

Accepted Answer

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex are both important areas for attentional aspects of short-term memory. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the manipulation and maintenance of information, while the anterior cingulate cortex is involved in conflict monitoring and error detection. These areas work together to help us maintain and manipulate information in short-term memory.

Question 16

The nucleus accumbens​ 
A)does not participate in learning of any type. 
B)is important to long-term, but not to short-term learning. 
C)is important in episodic and semantic memory, but not procedural memory. 
D)contributes to the evaluation of reward during procedural learning.

Accepted Answer

The nucleus accumbens is known to be involved in the evaluation of reward and the motivation to obtain rewards, which is important during procedural learning. It is not solely responsible for learning, nor is it specific to certain types of memory.

Question 17

Lesions in the striatum interfere with _________ memories.​ 
A)procedural, but not declarative 
B)declarative, but not procedural 
C)both declarative and procedural 
D)short-term, but not long-term

Accepted Answer

Lesions in the striatum specifically interfere with procedural memories, but not declarative memories. Declarative memory refers to memory of facts and events, whereas procedural memory refers to memory of how to perform specific tasks or skills.

Question 18

In response to stressful events,the amygdala​ 
A)remains silent. 
B)experiences long-term excitation. 
C)experiences long-term inhibition 
D)experiences enhanced activity followed by a refractory period.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala experiences enhanced activity in response to stressful events as it is responsible for the emotional processing of fear and other negative emotions. However, it also experiences a refractory period where it becomes less reactive after repeated exposure to the same stressor. This helps to prevent constant activation and potential damage to the brain.

Question 19

While naming animals or tools,participants showed activation in​ 
A)overlapping areas in the temporal lobes. 
B)overlapping areas in the frontal lobes. 
C)separate, but adjacent areas in the frontal lobes. 
D)separate areas including the occipital, frontal, and temporal lobes.

Accepted Answer

Naming animals or tools involves activation in separate areas including the occipital lobes (for visual processing), frontal lobes (for motor planning and execution), and temporal lobes (for semantic processing).

Question 20

Kayla is presenting a business plan to her bank,hoping to get a loan.As her stress levels increase,it is likely that her performance will​ 
A)continue to increase. 
B)become steadily worse. 
C)decrease at first, but after her stress reaches a certain point, she will overcome it enough to improve. 
D)increase at first, but after her stress reaches a certain point, she will begin to perform more poorly.

Accepted Answer

This is explained by the Yerkes-Dodson law, which posits that there is an optimal level of arousal (stress) for peak performance; beyond that point, performance begins to decline. Initially, stress can enhance focus and efficiency, but excessive stress impairs performance.

Quiz 12: Learning and Memory

Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might someday be prevented by

Short-term memory appears to require maturity in the

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the

Jeremy is an experienced professional sprinter who is confident in his technique and preparation.As his stress levels increase during an important competition,it is likely that his performance will

James constantly asks his friend Rob to tell him what the professor just said in lecture,because James has much more trouble remembering verbal information long enough to write it down in his notes.It is likely that James

The emotional and declarative aspects of a memory for a stressful event

Areas of the brain that may be involved with episodic memories include the

As healthy people age,most measures of cognitive functions,including learning and memory:

You walk into a room and see someone you know you've met before,but you have no idea when or where you met this person.Which of the following phenomena can best explain this?

The formation of procedural memories may involve activity in the

The prefrontal cortex manages decision-making,planning,and other coping skills during a stressful event when dopamine and norepinephrine levels are

Samantha's grandfather has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Samantha knows that Parkinson's disease affects the basal ganglia,so she is able to tell her grandfather that he is likely to experience

Important attentional aspects of short-term memory require activation in the

The nucleus accumbens

Lesions in the striatum interfere with _________ memories.

In response to stressful events,the amygdala

While naming animals or tools,participants showed activation in

Kayla is presenting a business plan to her bank,hoping to get a loan.As her stress levels increase,it is likely that her performance will

Quiz 12: Learning and Memory

Distinguishing fantasy from reality appears to involve areas of the brain known to participate in _________ memory.​

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might someday be prevented by

Short-term memory appears to require maturity in the​

Source amnesia is associated with damage to the​

Jeremy is an experienced professional sprinter who is confident in his technique and preparation.As his stress levels increase during an important competition,it is likely that his performance will​

James constantly asks his friend Rob to tell him what the professor just said in lecture,because James has much more trouble remembering verbal information long enough to write it down in his notes.It is likely that James​

The emotional and declarative aspects of a memory for a stressful event​

Areas of the brain that may be involved with episodic memories include the​

As healthy people age,most measures of cognitive functions,including learning and memory:​

You walk into a room and see someone you know you've met before,but you have no idea when or where you met this person.Which of the following phenomena can best explain this?​

The formation of procedural memories may involve activity in the​

The prefrontal cortex manages decision-making,planning,and other coping skills during a stressful event when dopamine and norepinephrine levels are​

Samantha's grandfather has been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Samantha knows that Parkinson's disease affects the basal ganglia,so she is able to tell her grandfather that he is likely to experience​

Important attentional aspects of short-term memory require activation in the​

The nucleus accumbens​

Lesions in the striatum interfere with _________ memories.​

In response to stressful events,the amygdala​

While naming animals or tools,participants showed activation in​

Kayla is presenting a business plan to her bank,hoping to get a loan.As her stress levels increase,it is likely that her performance will​