Question 1

When a theory explains only a few, but not all of the phenomena associated with stuttering, it lacks this criterion to be strong or credible:

Accepted Answer

A theory that does not explain all relevant phenomena lacks exhaustiveness, meaning it is not comprehensive enough to be considered strong or credible.

Question 2

In contrast with a theory that offers an explanation, a model offers a:

Accepted Answer

A model offers a representation of a concept or system, often used to simplify, illustrate, or simulate real-world processes or phenomena.

Question 3

When a theory uses the smallest number of variables to explain the greatest number of factual phenomena, it is described as:

Accepted Answer

A parsimonious theory is one that explains phenomena with the fewest assumptions or variables, adhering to the principle of simplicity.

Question 4

The idea that a stuttering theory should be multifactorial means:

Accepted Answer

A multifactorial theory involves multiple contributing variables or factors that together explain a phenomenon, in this case, stuttering.

Question 5

The problem with concluding that the cause of stuttering has been found by research revealing a particular characteristic in adults who stutter that was not present in non-stuttering controls is that:

Accepted Answer

The conclusion is problematic because the characteristic might be common in other disorders (A), might develop later (B), or might be caused by another factor (C).

Question 6

When a theory explains all the facts revealed about a phenomenon, it is described as:

Accepted Answer

An exhaustive theory explains all the facts revealed about a phenomenon.

Question 7

When the essence of a theory can be proved or disproved, it is described as:

Accepted Answer

A theory that can be proved or disproved is described as testable, meaning it can be subjected to experiments or observations to determine its validity.

Question 8

When a theory is elegant, it is particularly:

Accepted Answer

An elegant theory is often described as being succinct, meaning it is expressed in a clear and concise manner without unnecessary complexity.

Question 9

Which of the following has NOT been a challenge to testing theories of stuttering:

Accepted Answer

The amount of research on stuttering is not a challenge; rather, it provides a wealth of information. The other options represent genuine challenges in studying stuttering.

Question 10

The high likelihood that multiple etiological factors contribute to stuttering has led to the proposal that:

Accepted Answer

The proposal that stuttering may consist of subtypes is based on the understanding that multiple etiological factors are likely involved, suggesting variability in the disorder's manifestation.

Question 11

Which is not a good example of a precipitating factor for stuttering?

Accepted Answer

A genetic defect is considered a predisposing factor, not a precipitating factor, for stuttering. Precipitating factors are typically environmental or situational changes that can trigger or exacerbate stuttering.

Question 12

A factor that may perpetuate a stuttering disorder:

Accepted Answer

Being teased by peers after stuttering moments can perpetuate a stuttering disorder because it can lead to negative self-perceptions and anxiety, which can worsen stuttering.

Question 13

The best example of a predisposing factor for stuttering:

Accepted Answer

Genetics is a predisposing factor for stuttering because it increases the likelihood of developing the disorder.

Question 14

Being male is best described as which type of factor for stuttering?

Accepted Answer

Being male is considered a risk factor for stuttering, as males are more likely to develop stuttering compared to females.

Question 15

The best example of a protective factor from developing a stuttering disorder:

Accepted Answer

A family history of natural recovery is a protective factor because it suggests a genetic or environmental predisposition towards overcoming stuttering without long-term intervention.

Question 16

When two variables are correlated, a causal relationship can be inferred.

Accepted Answer

Correlation between two variables does not imply causation; it only indicates a relationship or association between them. Other factors or variables may be influencing the observed correlation.

Question 17

Demosthenes was considered to be the "Father of Medicine."

Accepted Answer

Demosthenes was a Greek statesman and orator, not a physician. Hippocrates is often referred to as the "Father of Medicine."

Question 18

The literature reveals a plethora of theoretical notions about the nature and cause of stuttering.

Accepted Answer

The literature on stuttering includes various theories and perspectives regarding its nature and causes, reflecting the complexity and multifactorial aspects of the condition.

Question 19

A theory and a model can handle the explanation of a phenomenon slightly differently.

Accepted Answer

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, while a model is a simplified representation of a system or phenomenon, often used to test predictions or understand complex systems.

Question 20

Systems of classification usually take the form of taxonomies with a hierarchy of divisions and subdivisions.

Accepted Answer

Taxonomies are structured systems used to organize information into hierarchical categories, allowing for systematic classification and easy retrieval.

Quiz 5: Why Do People Stutter Evaluating Theories and Models