Question 1

The pioneering experimentalists:
A) avoided the single-subject approach because it was not rigorous enough.
B) controlled error variance by averaging subjects within groups.
C) managed to identify important psychological phenomena.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Accepted Answer

The pioneering experimentalists were able to identify important psychological phenomena through their experiments, despite the limitations of their methods.

Question 2

Despite intersubject variability, the within-subjects approach worked because:
A) a large number of observations were collected from a single subject.
B) incidental factors that might contribute unwanted variability were rigidly controlled.
C) the investigators focused their attentions on powerful variables.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The within-subjects approach benefits from collecting a large number of observations from a single subject, controlling incidental factors, and focusing on powerful variables, all of which help manage variability.

Question 3

_____ was pioneered by Sir Frances Galton.
A) The single-subject approach
B) The application of statistical techniques to the study of individual differences
C) Early psychophysical research
D) Laboratory research

Accepted Answer

Sir Frances Galton pioneered the application of statistical techniques to the study of individual differences, contributing significantly to the field of psychometrics and the study of human intelligence.

Question 4

With the advent of the group approach, the single-subject approach:
A) waned in popularity.
B) became more popular.
C) continued to remain as popular.
D) died for a couple of years.

Accepted Answer

The group approach led to a decline in the popularity of the single-subject approach as researchers and practitioners began to favor studying groups for broader generalizations.

Question 5

B. F. Skinner and his followers established their own journal, the _____, because they were unwilling to use inferential statistics to establish the reliability of their findings, making it increasingly difficult to get their results published.
A) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
B) Journal of Experimental Psychology
C) Journal of the Psychonomic Society
D) Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Accepted Answer

The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior was established by B. F. Skinner and his followers to publish research that did not rely on inferential statistics, focusing instead on behavior analysis.

Question 6

The _____ design was developed primarily by B. F. Skinner and his followers.
A) discrete trials
B) baseline
C) interrupted-trials
D) averaged-baseline

Accepted Answer

The answer of The _____ design was developed primarily by...

Question 7

In the simplest case, a baseline design involves exposing a subject to a(n) _____ phase to assess the subject's behavior in the absence of an experimental treatment.
A) baseline
B) treatment
C) control
D) intervention

Accepted Answer

A baseline phase is used to assess the subject's behavior without any experimental treatment, serving as a control for comparison.

Question 8

During an experiment that uses a baseline design, behavior during a baseline phase:
A) shows the effects of an independent variable.
B) provides an assessment of behavior in the absence of an experimental treatment.
C) is normally too erratic to be of any use and is not usually included in the analysis of data.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Accepted Answer

The baseline phase in an experiment is used to measure behavior without any experimental treatment, serving as a control to compare against when the independent variable is introduced.

Question 9

In the simplest case, a baseline design involves exposing a subject to a(n) _____ phase to assess the subject's behavior during the application of an experimental treatment.
A) baseline
B) experimental
C) treatment
D) intervention

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the simplest case, a baseline design...

Question 10

In a baseline design, the phase of an experiment during which a subject is exposed to an experimental treatment is called the _____ phase.
A) experimental
B) treatment
C) baseline
D) intervention

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a baseline design, the phase of...

Question 11

Unlike group-based designs, a baseline design _____.
A) relies on averaging to deal with uncontrolled variability produced by extraneous variables
B) focuses on the behavior of a single subject both within and across experimental treatments
C) exposes a subject to an intervention phase to assess behavior in the absence of an experimental treatment
D) relies on intrasubject replication to establish the generality of the findings across subjects

Accepted Answer

A baseline design focuses on the behavior of a single subject both within and across experimental treatments, allowing for detailed observation and analysis of individual behavior changes.

Question 12

Which of the following is a characteristic of baseline designs?
A) They focus on the behavior of multiple subjects and rely on averaging to deal with uncontrolled variability.
B) Intersubject replication is used to establish the internal validity of findings.
C) A subject typically remains under a given experimental treatment until the baseline meets a stability criterion.
D) A subject is exposed to a baseline phase to assess behavior during the application of an experimental treatment.

Accepted Answer

Baseline designs involve maintaining a subject under a specific experimental condition until the behavior stabilizes, ensuring that any changes can be attributed to the experimental treatment.

Question 13

The group approach assumes that if experimental controls fail to reduce uncontrolled variation, then _____ should be used to control it.
A) intrasubject replication
B) intersubject replication
C) statistical methods
D) complete ignorance

Accepted Answer

Statistical methods are used to control uncontrolled variation when experimental controls are insufficient.

Question 14

In single-subject designs, uncontrolled variability produced by extraneous variables is handled:
A) by averaging across subjects within groups.
B) statistically after an experiment is over.
C) by ignoring it.
D) by tight experimental control.

Accepted Answer

Single-subject designs handle uncontrolled variability by maintaining tight experimental control, ensuring that extraneous variables are minimized or eliminated during the experiment.

Question 15

Waiting for your subject's behavior to "settle down" before going to the next phase of an experiment exemplifies a:
A) baseline.
B) discrete trials criterion.
C) stability criterion.
D) drifting baseline.

Accepted Answer

A stability criterion refers to waiting for the subject's behavior to stabilize or "settle down" before moving on to the next phase of an experiment.

Question 16

In a baseline design, a subject typically remains under a given experimental treatment until a behavioral baseline meets a stability criterion, which _____.
A) imposes an objective rule for deciding that the baseline has stabilized
B) statistically adjusts scores from deviant subjects
C) eliminates deviant subjects from your experiment
D) None of the answers is correct.

Accepted Answer

A stability criterion imposes an objective rule for deciding that the baseline has stabilized, ensuring consistent and reliable measurement before introducing changes.

Question 17

In the context of baseline designs, which of the following statements is true about intrasubject replication?
A) It allows to establish the reliability of the collected observations within each phase.
B) It purports to establish the external validity of the findings made during a study.
C) It imposes an objective rule for deciding whether a behavioral baseline has stabilized.
D) It assesses whether changes in the baseline level produced by an intervention are reversible.

Accepted Answer

Intrasubject replication involves repeating measurements within the same subject to ensure that the observations are consistent and reliable within each phase of the study.

Question 18

In a single-subject baseline design, multiple subjects are included in an experiment so that:
A) data can be averaged before the analysis.
B) intrasubject replication can be done.
C) generality of the findings across subjects can be established.
D) power can be increased.

Accepted Answer

Including multiple subjects in a single-subject baseline design helps establish the generality of the findings across different subjects, demonstrating that the results are not limited to a single individual.

Question 19

Intersubject replication helps establish the _____ of data in a single-subject baseline design.
A) usefulness
B) generality
C) statistical reliability
D) power

Accepted Answer

Intersubject replication helps establish the generality of data by demonstrating that findings are consistent across different subjects, thereby supporting the broader applicability of the results.

Question 20

Which of the following terms refers to extensions that incorporate aspects of the original experiment while changing others?
A) Intrasubject replication
B) Intersubject replication
C) Systematic replication
D) Direct replication

Accepted Answer

Systematic replication involves making changes to certain aspects of the original experiment while maintaining others, to test the generality of the findings.

Quiz 12: Using Single-Subject Designs

The pioneering experimentalists:

Despite intersubject variability, the within-subjects approach worked because:

_____ was pioneered by Sir Frances Galton.

With the advent of the group approach, the single-subject approach:

B. F. Skinner and his followers established their own journal, the _____, because they were unwilling to use inferential statistics to establish the reliability of their findings, making it increasingly difficult to get their results published.

The _____ design was developed primarily by B. F. Skinner and his followers.

In the simplest case, a baseline design involves exposing a subject to a(n) _____ phase to assess the subject's behavior in the absence of an experimental treatment.

During an experiment that uses a baseline design, behavior during a baseline phase:

In the simplest case, a baseline design involves exposing a subject to a(n) _____ phase to assess the subject's behavior during the application of an experimental treatment.

In a baseline design, the phase of an experiment during which a subject is exposed to an experimental treatment is called the _____ phase.

Unlike group-based designs, a baseline design _____.

Which of the following is a characteristic of baseline designs?

The group approach assumes that if experimental controls fail to reduce uncontrolled variation, then _____ should be used to control it.

In single-subject designs, uncontrolled variability produced by extraneous variables is handled:

Waiting for your subject's behavior to "settle down" before going to the next phase of an experiment exemplifies a:

In a baseline design, a subject typically remains under a given experimental treatment until a behavioral baseline meets a stability criterion, which _____.

In the context of baseline designs, which of the following statements is true about intrasubject replication?

In a single-subject baseline design, multiple subjects are included in an experiment so that:

Intersubject replication helps establish the _____ of data in a single-subject baseline design.

Which of the following terms refers to extensions that incorporate aspects of the original experiment while changing others?