Question 1

One fact is false about exotoxins:

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are typically heat labile, meaning they are not stable at high temperatures, unlike endotoxins which are heat stable.

Question 2

One fact is true about endotoxins:

Accepted Answer

A

Question 3

One fact is false about endotoxins:

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins cannot be converted to toxoids. Toxoids are inactivated toxins used in vaccines, and endotoxins, which are part of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, do not have this capability.

Question 4

Toxoid is:

Accepted Answer

A toxoid is a toxin that has been inactivated so that it is no longer toxic but still retains its antigenic properties, allowing it to stimulate an immune response.

Question 5

Carriers are dangerous source of infection more than cases because:

Accepted Answer

Carriers are dangerous because they do not show clinical symptoms, making it difficult to identify and isolate them, yet they can still spread the infection to others.

Question 6

Exotoxins:

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria that can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism.

Question 7

Mode of transmission of Infection by:

Accepted Answer

Infections can be transmitted through droplets, blood, skin contact, and animals, making all the options valid modes of transmission.

Question 8

The power of bacteria to invade tissues is due to the following except:

Accepted Answer

Pili (or fimbriae) are hair-like structures on the surface of bacteria that help in attachment to host cells, not in tissue invasion. The other options are enzymes that facilitate tissue invasion.

Question 9

Which one of the following best describes the mode of action of endotoxins:

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins, particularly lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria, stimulate the immune system to release cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Question 10

Protein secreted by both gram positive and gram negative bacteria:

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, whereas endotoxins are associated with the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria only.

Question 11

Endotoxin →:

Accepted Answer

Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are known to be pyrogenic, meaning they can induce fever. They are not denatured by boiling, do not form toxoids, and do not have enzymatic activity.

Question 12

Enzyme which can destroy neutrophils and macrophages:

Accepted Answer

Leukocidins are enzymes produced by certain bacteria that can destroy white blood cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, by creating pores in their cell membranes.

Question 13

Example for Air Filters:

Accepted Answer

HEPA filters are specifically designed to trap small particles and are commonly used in air filtration systems.

Question 14

Syringes are sterilized by the process of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Syringes are sterilized by the process of:
...

Question 15

Hot air oven generates hot air at:

Accepted Answer

Hot air ovens typically operate at temperatures between 160 - 180°C for sterilization purposes.

Question 16

Sterilization monitoring tests includes all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

Temperature records and pressure records are part of the sterilization process monitoring, but they are not tests. Browne's tube and bacterial spores are used for monitoring sterilization efficacy.

Question 17

Sterilization of bacteriologic loops:

Accepted Answer

Flaming is the correct method for sterilizing bacteriologic loops as it effectively kills microorganisms by exposing them to high temperatures.

Question 18

At triple atmospheric pressure, water boils at:

Accepted Answer

At triple atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water increases due to the higher pressure, and it is approximately 134°C.

Question 19

Which of the following has the highest need for sterilization:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following has the highest...

Question 20

Apparently health individuals carrying a pathogenic organism without showing clinical manifestation:

Accepted Answer

Carriers are individuals who harbor a pathogenic organism without exhibiting symptoms, potentially spreading the organism to others.

Quiz 1: Sterilization