Question 1

__________is the stage of middle childhood proposed by Erikson.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage of "Industry versus Inferiority" occurs during middle childhood, where children focus on developing a sense of competence and achievement.

Question 2

According to Erikson, the major psychosocial task of the middle childhood period is

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's theory, the major psychosocial task of middle childhood (ages 6-12) is "industry vs. inferiority," which involves achieving culturally stated goals and developing a sense of competence and achievement.

Question 3

Freud and Erikson agree that__________ are a major aspect of middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

Freud and Erikson both emphasize the importance of peer relationships during middle childhood, as this is a critical period for social development and learning to interact with others.

Question 4

Eleven-year-old Ashley is at least one grade level behind her peers. She has no friends, and her parents have not enrolled her in any extracurricular activities. According to Erikson, Ashley will most likely enter adolescence with feelings of

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children in the school-age stage (ages 6-12) face the conflict of industry vs. inferiority. If they feel unsuccessful or inferior compared to their peers, they may develop feelings of inferiority. Ashley's situation suggests she may struggle with this conflict.

Question 5

Contemporary research has supported Erikson's emphasis that

Accepted Answer

Contemporary research supports Erikson's idea that school achievement and the sense of self competence are highly correlated, as success in school can enhance a child's confidence and sense of competence.

Question 6

Eleven-year-old Roberto does poorly in school. However, he has been selected to be a member of a highly competitive traveling baseball team. Which one of the following statements best represents Erikson's ideas concerning Roberto's developing sense of self esteem?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory suggests that success in one area, such as sports, can help build a sense of competence and self-esteem, which can compensate for difficulties in other areas like academics.

Question 7

A __________is a consistent manner of interacting with specific environmental situations.

Accepted Answer

A trait is a consistent manner of interacting with specific environmental situations, as it refers to enduring characteristics or dispositions that influence behavior across different situations.

Question 8

Bandura states that the components of personality interact and influence each other. Which on of the following is the term Bandura employed to describe this interaction?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism states that personality is a product of the interaction between an individual's environment, behavior, and cognitive processes.

Question 9

Teresa is extroverted, outgoing, and enthusiastic. She believes that other children like her and therefore joins in with others easily. Which one of Bandura's components is this portraying?

Accepted Answer

This scenario portrays the "Person" component of Bandura's model, which includes cognitive factors such as beliefs, expectations, and self-perceptions. Teresa's belief that other children like her influences her behavior.

Question 10

Brittany is 12 years old. She knows that she enjoys working in small groups and that she would rather work cooperatively than assume a leadership role. Brittany can be said to have a fairly developed

Accepted Answer

The answer of Brittany is 12 years old. She knows...

Question 11

During middle childhood, a child's psychological self becomes increasingly complex, more focused on psychological factors and less focused on

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children begin to focus more on internal traits and psychological factors rather than external, physical characteristics.

Question 12

When asked, Clarisse describes herself as a little girl with blond hair and blue eyes. She says that her best friend is Freda. Clarisse is probably at least__________ years old.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When asked, Clarisse describes herself as a...

Question 13

When asked to describe themselves, which one of the following statements are children in late middle childhood more likely than children in early childhood to say?

Accepted Answer

Children in late middle childhood are more likely to define themselves in terms of their social roles and relationships, such as their scout leader or their position in their class.

Question 14

Twelve-year-old Judy tells her teacher that she can do the analogy problems on her own; however, she also says that she will need help with the combination problems. Which one of the following characteristics of personal self is Judy demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

Judy is demonstrating self-efficacy, which refers to her belief in her ability to succeed in specific tasks. She believes she can do analogy problems independently but acknowledges needing help with combination problems.

Question 15

According to Bandura during middle childhood, self-efficacy is developed primarily through

Accepted Answer

During middle childhood, children often develop self-efficacy through social comparison, as they begin to compare their abilities and performance with those of their peers.

Question 16

Eleven-year-old Hailey is one of the better gymnasts in the state for her age. Her teacher asks her to add a new move to her routine. Hailey is uncertain she can complete it. So her teacher has a slightly older and more accomplished member of the team, Ellen, perform the move.According to Bandura, which one of the following statements is Hailey likely to make?

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's social learning theory, observing a peer successfully perform a task can increase self-efficacy. Seeing Ellen perform the move may encourage Hailey to believe she can also attempt it.

Question 17

The most important variable in children's development of self-efficacy is

Accepted Answer

Personal experience is the most important variable in children's development of self-efficacy because it allows them to learn from their mistakes and successes, and to develop a sense of competence.

Question 18

Mr. Krieg wants his son to learn how to ice skate. Ian is 9 years old and has been afraid to do much beyond put on his skates. Which of the following might help Ian with his self-efficacy concerning ice skating?

Accepted Answer

Having a friend who can skate may provide Ian with a relatable role model and peer support, which can increase his confidence and self-efficacy.

Question 19

__________is the global assessment of one's own self worth.

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is the term used to describe the global assessment of one's own self-worth.

Question 20

Research by Susan Harter (1987, 1990) showed that children have high self-esteem when

Accepted Answer

Susan Harter's research indicates that children's self-esteem is higher when they feel competent in areas that interest them, as this aligns with their personal values and passions, rather than just succeeding academically or being better than peers.

Quiz 12: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood