Joe wonders, "If I work hard will I get a pay raise?" Joe then concludes that "No, I won't receive a raise." This type of reasoning is important in

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This type of reasoning is characteristic of the expectancy theory, which suggests that individuals make decisions based on their belief that their efforts will lead to certain outcomes or rewards. In this case, Joe has concluded that there is no correlation between working hard and receiving a pay raise, which demonstrates his expectancy that his efforts will not lead to the desired outcome.

Joe Wonders, "If I Work Hard Will I Get a Pay