Question 1

Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 2

________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ________ data.

Accepted Answer

The answer of To assess the personality traits of a...

Question 5

Which kind of data are the most cost-effective to collect?

Accepted Answer

Small data (S) are the most cost-effective to collect because they require less time to collect, process, and store. Small data also require lower investments in terms of hardware and software, making them a more accessible choice for many organizations. Additionally, small data can provide valuable insights into specific aspects of a business or industry, allowing companies to make informed decisions quickly and effectively.

Question 6

While completing the Acme Personality Inventory, you answer True to the item "I consider myself a nervous person." Your response to this item would be an example of ________ data.

Accepted Answer

Self-report data (S data) is information provided directly by the individual about themselves, typically through questionnaires or interviews.

Question 7

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.

Accepted Answer

Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should gather as much data as possible from multiple sources in order to gain a more complete and accurate understanding of a person's personality. This approach, known as the "multi-method assessment," helps to overcome the limitations of each type of data and provide a more well-rounded view of an individual's personality.

Question 8

When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.

Accepted Answer

Collecting as many clues as possible allows for a more comprehensive understanding of personality, as it provides a broader range of information to analyze and interpret. This approach helps in creating a more accurate and nuanced picture of an individual's personality by considering various aspects and sources of information.

Question 9

A major advantage of S data is that ________.

Accepted Answer

S data is self-report data, meaning the individual being assessed provides information about their own personality. This allows for a unique insight into one's own personality as they are the best expert on themselves.

Question 10

What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others' perceptions have ________.

Accepted Answer

Self-perceptions and others' perceptions have a causal force, meaning they can influence and shape behavior through feedback loops. This influence can lead to changes in behavior, self-perception, and how others perceive you, creating a cycle of continued influence.

Question 11

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data?

Accepted Answer

S data, or self-report data, are based on what the person tells us about themselves. If the person supplying the S data is not willing or able to provide accurate reports about Laura, then the S data would not be helpful in learning about her personality. Therefore, Dr. O'Connell may want to avoid using S data in this case. Option B is not entirely accurate, as S data can often have psychological relevance. Option C is also not entirely accurate, as S data can reveal much about a person's personality if they are accurate and comprehensive. Option D is not relevant to the question.

Question 12

According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.

Accepted Answer

Personality is complex and multifaceted, making it difficult to perfectly measure or indicate. The textbook suggests that instead of perfect indicators, we have clues that help us understand personality.

Question 13

When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the least trustworthy?

Accepted Answer

Self-reported data (S data) might be the least trustworthy for someone high in narcissism because they may have a distorted self-view and may exaggerate their positive traits.

Question 14

The "Find Your Love Style" quiz published in the local newspaper is an example of ________ data.

Accepted Answer

The "Find Your Love Style" quiz is an example of S-data, which stands for self-report data. This type of data is collected through individuals' responses to questionnaires or surveys about themselves.

Question 15

Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers must use clues to personality in...

Question 16

What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?

Accepted Answer

Face validity refers to the extent to which the items on a measure appear to measure what they are intended to measure. Reading and considering the content of the items is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of the measure. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and internal consistency analyses are useful for evaluating other aspects of a measure's psychometric properties, but they do not speak directly to face validity.

Question 17

Sally has an exaggerated sense of the greatness of her attributes and abilities. A trained observer would say that Sally is high in what personality dimension?

Accepted Answer

Sally's exaggerated sense of greatness is a characteristic of narcissism, which is a personality dimension characterized by excessive self-love and self-centeredness. Self-esteem is a healthy level of confidence in one's abilities and worth, but Sally's is exaggerated beyond what is considered healthy. Self-monitoring is the degree to which people adjust their behavior to fit social situations, and neuroticism is a dimension characterized by moodiness and emotional instability, which are not related to Sally's situation.

Question 18

Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which kind of data would be the...

Question 19

In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.

Accepted Answer

The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins's study would be self-report (S) data, as participants are reporting their own early life experiences. The arrest records would be legal (L) data, as they are official records kept by the county courthouse. Therefore, choice C (S; L) is the correct answer.

Question 20

If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to use S data?

Accepted Answer

All three options are potential reasons why Dr. O'Connell might want to use S data to learn about Laura. S data can have a causal force because they involve actual behaviors or events, rather than just perceptions or opinions. S data are also relatively simple and easy to collect, which can be helpful if Dr. O'Connell does not have the resources or expertise to gather extensive information through other methods. Additionally, the person providing S data might have unique insights into Laura's behavior or experiences, making them the best expert available.

Quiz 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data